i 


UC-NRLF 


B    4    03b    238 


■J 


'^IX^^/S^^W- 


University  of  California. 

FROM  THE  LIBRARY  OF 

Dr.  martin  KELLOGG. 

GIFT  OF  MRS.  LOUISE   B.  KELLOGG. 

No. 


ANALYSIS 


OF 


THE    LATIN    YERB, 


ILLUSTRATED    BY    THE 


FORMS    OF    THE    SANSKRIT. 


BY 


CHARLES  H.  PARKHUEST. 


BOSTON: 
GINN    BROTHERS    AND    COIVIPANY. 

1870. 


r 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S70,  by 

CHARLES    H.   PARKHURST, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
PRESS  OF  JOHX   WILSO:^   AXD   SON. 


PREFACE. 


The  immediate  aim  of  this  treatise  is  to  familiarize  the 
student  with  the  earlier  and  later  forms  of  the  Latin  verb, 
and  the  method  by  which  the  latter  have  been  corrupted  from 
the  former.  It  is  not  in  the  power  of  the  Latin,  however,  to 
ex^DOund  itself.  Latin  scholarship  may  state  the  facts,  but  it 
cannot  give  the  philosophy,  of  Latin  formation.  The  super- 
ficial analysis  of  the  verb  amo,  for  example,  in  the  first  per- 
son plural  of  the  present  subjunctive  active  would  be,  —  root, 
am ;  connecting  vowel,  e ;  personal  ending,  mus.  An  ac- 
quaintance with  Latin,  however  thorough,  will  not,  without 
assistance  from  the  cognate  languages,  discover  in  that  connec- 
tive e  a  union  of  a  with  i,  the  former  a  corruption  of  aja,  the 
affix  of  conjugation,  and  the  latter,  like  the  iota  of  the 
Greek,  the  modal  sign  of  the  optative.  We  have  preferred, 
therefore,  to  explain  the  Latin  system  of  conjugation  by 
reference  to  the  Sanskrit,  not  at  all  because  the  Sanskrit  is 
the  progenitor  of  the  Latin,  but  because  it  most  fully  retains 
the  forms  belonging  to  the  parent  language  of  the  entire  Indo- 
European  family,  and  as  such  offers  to  us  the  proximate  orig- 
inal, from  which  the  later  Latin  derivatives  are  corrupted. 

The  mediate  aim  of  these  pages  is  to  introduce  the  pupil 
to  the  study  of  Comparative  Grammar,  —  a  science  which  is 
engaging  the  energies  of  the  profoundest  scholars  of  Germany, 
and  one  which,  though  failing  to  satisfy  the  utilitarian  ten- 
dencies of  the  age,  is  yet  rich  in  promise  to  the  less  ambitious 
few,  with  whom  research  and  discovery  are  their  own  suffi- 
cient and  abundant  reward. 


IV  PREFACE. 

We  have  not  assumed  on  the  part  of  the  student  any 
acquaintance  with  either  the  Sanskrit  or  the  Greek.  As  a 
necessary  consequence,  however,  of  the  sisterly  relation 
existin";  between  the  Greek  and  Latin,  one  familiar  with 
both  cannot,  we  believe,  fail  to  discover  in  our  discussion  of 
the  Latin  the  solution  of  many  problems  in  Greek  formation. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  Manual  we  have  taken  as  our 
guide  the  writings  of  Professors  Bopp  and  Schleicher.  As 
respects  the  content  of  the  "  Analysis "  we  lay  no  claim  to 
originality,  its  primary  object  being  to  give  the  best  approved 
results  of  German  research,  in  a  form  convenient  and  intel- 
ligible to  the  English  reader.  Many  of  the  conclusions 
attained  rest  rather  upon  probable  than  upon  demonstrative 
evidence.  Care  has  been  taken  in  each  instance  to  put  these 
conclusions  in  no  more  positive  form  than  that  with  which 
they  are  enunciated  by  the  authorities  we  follow. 

We  are  happy  to  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to  Profes- 
sor Greenough,  of  Harvard  College,  for  his  examination  of 
the  manuscript,  and  for  valuable  suggestions  and  criticisms. 

Conscious  of  the  imperfection  of  the  work  both  in  form  and 
content,  we  submit  it  to  the  public  with  the  hope  that  it 
may  not  be  altogether  without  its  influence  in  quickening 
the  spirit  of  linguistic  inquiry,  and  that  its  perusal  may 
serve  to  reproduce  in  the  case  of  some  earnest  student,  some- 
thing of  the  pleasure  experienced  by  the  author  in  the  course 
of  its  preparation. 

WiLLiSTON  Seminary, 
Feb.  24,  1870. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


1.  The  oldest  form  of  a  word  is  called  its  Root. 

2.  Roots  are  of  two  kinds,  Pronominal  and  Verbal.  From  pro- 
nominal roots  are  developed  pronouns  and  particles  ;  from  verbal 
roots,  verbs  and  nouns  (substantive  and  adjective). 

3.  Inflection  is  the  union  of  pronominal  with  verbal  roots. 
When  so  combined  as  to  denote  relations  of  gender,  number,  and 
case,  the  process  is  termed  Declension.  When  so  combined  as  to 
denote  relations  of  voice,  mood,  tense,  number,  and  person,  the 
process  is  called  Conjugation. 

4.  Etymological  analysis  is  the  converse  of  inflection,  and  con- 
sists in  resolving  a  verb  or  noun  into  its  ultimate  verbal  and  pro- 
nominal elements. 

5  The  analysis  of  the  verb  consists  in  separating  frohi  the  root 
those  pronominal  accretions  which  mark  distinctions  in  conjuga- 
tion, and  serve  to  denote  relations  of  voice,  mood,  tense,  number, 
and  person. 

The  Latin  Alphabet. 

Note.  —  As  preliminary  to  the  analysis  proper,  sections  6-49 
will  be  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  some  of  the  more  general 
euphonic  and  emphatic  changes  employed  in  verbal  formation. 

(a.)  Vowels. 

6.  The  relative  value  of  the  vowels  will  be  best  determined  by 
giving  to  them  the  sounds  Avith  which  they  are  pronounced  in  the 
continental  languages  of  Europe:  viz.,  a,  as  m father,  man;  e,  as 
in  they,  met;  i,  as  in  machine,  htm;  o,  as  in  no,  not;  u,  as  in  rule, 
full. 

7.  By  comparing  these  sounds,  it  will  appear  that  only  that  of  a, 
i,  and  u  is  simple,  —  i.e.,  produced  by  the  vocal  organs  in  a  single 


10  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

fixed  position;  -while  that  of  e  and  o  Is  compound,  —  i.e.,  in  their 
production  the  position  of  the  organs  is  changed. 

8.  The  first  element  of  o  is  a;  the  second,  u:  hence  we  place 
a  -{-  u  =  o.  The  first  element  of  e  is  a ;  the  second,  i :  hence  we 
place  a  +  i=^e-  An  instance  wherein  e  stands  in  place  of  an 
earlier  a  +  i,  will  be  found,  for  example,  in  the  present  subjunctive 
of  conjugation  first ;  amem  for  an  earlier  amaim ;  amemus  for 
an  earlier  aniaiinus. 

9.  u  and  its  corresponding  semi-vowel  v  are  readily  exchange- 
able, as  also  i  and  its  semi-vowel  j.  Thus  In  the  perfect  of  con- 
jugation second  we  shall  find  mon-(e)-vi  becoming  mon-ui;  and 
in  the  affix  of  conjugation  second,  aj  changed  successively  to  ai 
and  e. 

10.  As  In  the  Sanskrit,  so  also  In  the  Latin,  uv  sometimes 
develops  Itself  out  of  u  ;  thus  fluo  becomes  In  the  perfect  fluvsi, 
whence  fluxi. 

11.  The  weight  of  a  vowel  Is  the  fulness  of  tone  with  which  it 
is  enunciated.  The  order  of  vowels  from  heaviest  to  lightest, 
ranked  according  to  their  weight,  is  as  follows  :  a,  u,  o,  e,  i.  The 
Latin  everywhere  exhibits  a  tendency  to  pass  from  a  heavier  to  a 
lighter. 

12.  As  regards  the  verb,  this  tendency  Is  particularly  noticeable 
in  the  forfnation  of  reduplicated  perfects.  Thus  fallo,  perfect 
fe-felli  for  fa-falli;  cano,  perfect  ce-cini  for  ca-cani;  cado, 
perfect  ce-cidi  for  ca-cadi.  Cecini  and  cecidi  also  Illustrate 
another  tendency  In  the  formation  of  reduplicates,  that  of  attenuat- 
ing the  perfect  more  In  Its  radical  than  in  Its  reduplicate  syllable. 
Thus  in  place  of  ca-cani  not  ce-ceui,  but  ce-cini ;  so  ce-cidi 
instead  of  ce-cedi,  te-tigi  for  te-tegi. 

13.  A  radical  u  or  o,  however,  reappears  in  the  perfect,  both 
in  its  radical  and  reduplicate  syllable.  Hence  tundo,  tu-tudi ;' 
posco,  po-posci. 

14.  In  like  manner  verbs  in  composition  often  lighten  the 
vowel  of  the  root;  e.g.,  concino  for  con-cano,  assideo  for 
as-sedeo. 

15.  The  tendency  of  a  nasal  Is  to  convert  the  preceding  vowel 
into  u;  e.g.,  capiunt  for  an  earlier  capiant. 

16.  The  Influence  of  r,  or  of  any  two  consonants,  is  often  to 
change  the  preceding  i  Into  e;  e.g.,  amaverunt  of  the  perfect 
indicative  for  amavirunt,  acceptum  for  acciptum. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  11 

17.  A  final  m  or  t  tends  to  shorten  the  preceding  vowel ;  e.g., 
si-m  becomes  sun;  audia-m,  audiam;  ama-t,  amat;  rega-t, 
regat. 

18.  e  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  usually  prefen-ed  to  i;  e.g.,  in  the 
imperative  of  conjugation  tliu-d,  lege  for  the  regular  legi. 

(6.)  Consonants. 

19.  The  consonants  of  the  Latm  are  nineteen ;  seventeen  sim- 
ple, and  tAvo,  x  (=cs)  and  z  (=ds),  compound.  Consonants 
produced  with  a  resonance  of  the  vocal  cords  are  termed  sonant ; 
those  produced  without  such  resonance,  surd. 

20.  As  still  farther  classified  according  to  the  method  of  their 
generation,  the  scheme  of  the  Latin  consonants  is  as  follows :  — 

Palatals.                    Labials.  Linguals.      -  w    / 

Surds.            c,  k,  q,  h.                   p,  f.  t,  s.     ^^^ -^ 

C    g,  j.                       b,  V.  d. 

SON^^NTS.       -j  Nasals,  {m,  ^  n.  ^  j^,^^^^^^ 

21.  As  a  result  of  inflection,  letters  sometimes  become  so  com- 
bined as  to  be  difficult  of  pronunciation.  The  principles  accord- 
in  o-  to  which  such  combinations  are  simplified  are  caUed  Laws  of 
Euphonv.  The  more  general  of  these  which  require  to  be  applied 
in  the  analysis  of  the  verb  are  the  following  :  — 

22.  Before  the  affix  si  of  the  perfect  a  sonant  palatal  becomes 
surd:  e.g.,  aug  (augeo)  +  si  =  auc  +  si ;  reg  (rego)+si  = 
rec  -f-  si. 

23.  c,  or  any  other  surd  palatal  converted  to  c,  combines  with  s 
to  form  X,  according  to  19 :  e.g.,  auc  +  si  =  auzi ;  coq  +  si  = 
coc  -f  si  =  coxi ;  veh  +  si  =  vec  +  si  =:  vexi. 

24.  Exception.  Roots  ending  in  a  palatal  immediately  preceded 
by  1  or  r  drop  the  palatal  before  the  affix  si:  e.g.,  algeo,  alsi; 
mergo,  mersi. 

25.  Before  si  the  labial  sonant  b  is  represented  by  its  cog- 
nate (vid.  41,  6)  surd  p:    e.g.,  nubo,  nupsi;   scribo,  scripsi. 

26.  V,  through  an  intermediate  conversion  to  c,  combines  with 
s  to  form  X;  after  the  analogy  of  palatals  :  e.g.,  vivo,  viv-f  si  = 
Vic  +  si  =  vizi ;  fluo,  fluv  +  si  (vid.  10)  =  flue  +  si  =  fluxi. 

27.  Roots  in  m  optionally  insert  p  before  the  affix  si:  e.g., 
como,  com-p-si  or  comsi;   sumo,  sum-p-si  or  sumsi. 


12  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

28.  Lingual  roots  in  d,  t,  and  r,  cannot  dii-ectly  coalesce  -with 
the  affix  s.  Such  succession  of  consonants  may  be  prevented 
(a)  by  dropi^ing  the  characteristic:  e.g.,  ardsi  from  ardeo 
becomes  arsi;  sentsi  from  sentio^  sensi;  haersi  from  haereo, 
hsesi;  (b)  by  dropping  the  s:  e.g.,  prandsi  from  prando 
becomes  prandi ;  vertsi  from  verto,  verti ;  (c)  by  assimilating 
(vid.  41,  c)  the  characteristic  to  the  affix:  e.g.,  cedo,  cedsi, 
cessi;    quatio,  quatsi,   quassi;    gero,  gersi,  gessi. 

29.  Before  the  affix  t,  the  sonant  palatal  g,  and  the  surd  palatals 
q  and  h,  are  changed  to  c:  e.g.,  jungo,  jungtum,  junctum; 
coquo,  coqtum,  coctum;    veho,  vehtum,  vectum. 

30.  Exception.  Roots  ending  in  a  palatal  immediately  preceded 
by  1  or  r  commonly  affix  t  (frequently  converted  into  s,  its  asso- 
ciate lingual  surd)  with  the  elision  of  the  palatal:  e.g.,  fulc 
(fulcio)  becomes  in  the  supine  fultum;  sarc  (sarcio)  becomes 
sartum;    mulceo  gives  mulsum;    tergeo,  tersum, 

31.  Before  t  the  labial  sonant  b  is  represented  by  its  cognate 
surd  p:  e.g.,  glubo,  glubtum,  gluptum;  nubo,  nubtum, 
nuptum. 

32.  The  harshness  of  the  combination  vt  may  be  relieved  (a) 
by  the  conversion  of  v  into  u:  e.g.,  cautum  for  cavtum,  from 
caveo ;  volutum  for  volvtum,  from  volvo ;  (6)  by  the  elision 
of  v:  e.g.,  motum  for  movtum,  from  moveo;  (c)  by  the  con- 
version of  V  into  o  (conf.  26):  e.g.,  victum  for  vivtum,  from 
vivo;    fructum  for  fruvtum,  from  fruor. 

33.  Roots  in  m  optionally  insert  p  before  the  affix  t:  e.g., 
demo  gives  dem-p-tum  or  demtum:  emo,  em-p-tum  or 
emtum. 

34.  Lingual  roots  in  d  and  t  convert  the  affix  t  into  s,  and 
either  drop  or  assimilate  the  characteristic:  e.g.,  arsura  for 
ardsum,  from  ardeo ;  cessum  for  cedsum,  from  cedo ;  versum 
for  vertsum,  from  verto  :  messum  for  metsum,  from  meto. 

35.  Lingual  roots  in  r  sometimes  receive  the  affix  t  without 
modification,  but  commonly  either  (a)  change  the  characteristic 
to  s  and  retain  the  affix,  or  (/>)  change  the  affix  to  s  and  retain 
the  characteristic.  Examples  of  these  three  methods  of  formation 
are, — pario,  partum;    gero,  gestum;    curro,  cursum. 

36.  Final  s  preceded  by  a  vowel,  and  medial  s  between  two 
vowels,  is  usually  changed  to  r:  e.g.,  amor  from  amo+s,  present 
indicative  passive ;  eram  for  esam ;   regerem  for  regesem. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE   VERB.  13 

37.  A  few  verbs  strengthen  some  or  all  of  their  parts  by  pre- 
fixing or  alHxing  n  to  the  characteristic:  e.g.,  ju-n-go,  from  root 
jug;  fi-n-do,  from  root  fid;  ster-n-o  from  root  ster  or  stra, 

38.  A  few  verbs,  mostly  inchoatives,  are  formed  by  affixing  to 
the  root,  in  the  present  system,  the  letters  sc  with  a  connective. 
When  formed  from  verbs,  the  connective  is  the  same  as  the  con- 
jugational  affix  of  the  primitive.  Those  derived  from  adjectives 
insert  e:  e.g.,  inveter-a-sc-o  from  inveterare;  flor-e-sc-o  from 
florere;  ingem-i-sc-o  from  ingemere;  obdorm-i-sc-o  from 
obdormire;  moU-e-sc-o  from  mollis. 

39.  In  rare  instances  the  use  of  sc  is  not  limited  to  the  present 
system,  and  in  a  few  cases  no  connective  is  employed:  e.g., 
po-sc-o,  po-po-sc-i;  di-sc-o.  In  both  of  these  instances  the 
vowel  is  radical.     Vid.  "  Anomalous  Formations." 

40.  Assimilation.  This  term,  as  commonly  employed,  em- 
braces a  class  of  euphonic  changes,  differing  not  at  all  in  their 
spirit  from  another  and  much  larger  class,  to  which  no  special 
denomination  is  applied.  We  should  prefer,  therefore,  to  define 
assimilation  as  the  accommodation  of  one  letter  to  the  character 
of  a  concurrent  letter,  without  at  all  limiting  it  to  the  case  in  which 
the  assimilated  letter  becomes  a  simple  reduplicate  ;  for  precisely 
the  same  influence  which  converts  s  into  1  in  vellem  (for  vel- 
sem)  is  also  operative  in  the  conversion  of  g  into  c  in  rectum 
(for  reg-tum). 

41.  As  employed  in  this  broader  sense,  assimilation  admits  of 
three  cases  :  (a)  in  which,  under  the  influence  of  the  assimilating 
letter,  a  sonant  becomes  surd,  or  a  surd  sonant ;  (6)  in  which  one 
consonant  makes  its  concurrent  letter  cognate  (i.e.,  of  the  same 
class,  either  palatal,  labial,  lingual,  or  nasal)  ;  (c)  in  which  the 
assimilated  letter  becomes  a  simple  redupficate.  Illustrations  of 
these  three  cases,  are,  respectively, — ges-tum  for  ger-tum, 
ru-m-po  for  ru-n-po,  quas-si  for  quat-si. 

j;j"oTE.  —  Exceptional  verbs,  not  conformable  to  the  rules  above 
stated,  will  be  considered  under  "  Anomalous  Formations." 

Reduplication. 

42.  Reduplication  consists  in  prefixing  to  a  root  its  vowel  and 
initial  consonant  (for  the  attenuation  of  the  vowel,  vid.  11  and  12), 
and  occurs  — 


14  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

43.  (A .)  In  the  formation  of  a  few  perfects :  e.g.,  tundo  (root, 
tud)  becomes,  in  the  perfect,  tu-tudi ;  mordeo  becomes  mo- 
mordi;  the  root  man,  to  think,  makes,  in  the  perfect,  memini, 
to  remember. 

■44.  Remark  1.  Two  roots,  sta  (from  sto,  stare)  and  spoiid 
(from  spondeo) ,  prefix  the  first  tivo  consonants,  dropping,  how- 
ever, the  initial  from  the  radical  syllable.  Thus,  ste-ti  for  ste- 
sti,  spo-pondi  for  spo-spondi. 

45.  Remark  2.  If  the  root  begins  Avith  a  vowel,  the  initial  only 
is  reduplicated;  e.g.,  ago,  perfect  a-agi,  which  becomes  (by  12) 
a-igi,  (by  8)  egi. 

46.  The  Latin  contains  a  number  of  concealed  reduplicates, 
whose  later  form  is  the  result  of  syncope  and  contraction;  e.g., 
capio  (root,  cap)  made  its  perfect  originally  ca-capi,  which  be- 
came successively  ca-cipi,  ca-ipi,  cepi. 

47.  A  few  cases  occur  in  which  perfects  originally  reduplicated 
have  lost  the  initial  syllable  ;  e.g.,  tiili  (from  toUo)  for  the  earlier 
te-tuli,  fidi  for  the  earlier  fi-fidi. 

48.  In  composition  with  prepositions,  the  reduplicate  syllable  is 
commonly  omitted:  e.g.,  con-tingo,  con-tigi ;  per-curro  makes 
per-curri,  or  per-cu-curri. 

49.  (5.)  Rarely  in  the  formation  of  the  present.  Examples 
are:    gi-guo  (for  gi-geno),  root  gen;    si-sto,  root  sta. 

CONJUGATIONAL   AFFIXES. 

50.  The  conjugational  system  of  the  Latin  is  not  the  product  of 
Italian  soil,  but  an  inheritance  received  from  the  progenitor  of  the 
Indo-European  family  of  languages,  and  will  be  best  explained  by 
reference  to  the  Sanskrit,  the  oldest  and  fairest  representative  of 
that  family.  Indian  grammarians  classify  Sanskrit  verbs  into  ten 
conjugations,  according  to  the  changes  which  the  roots  experience 
in  inflection.  Of  these,  the  first,  for  example,  lengthens  its  radi- 
cal vowel  by  combining  it  with  a,  and  to  the  root  thus  strengthened 
aflixes  a,  before  adding  the  personal  terminations.  Thus,  budh, 
to  know,  by  the  insertion  of  a  becomes  baudh  =  (by  8)  bodh, 
and,  by  affixing  a,  bodha.  By  uniting  -svith  this  base  the  termina- 
tion ti,  of  the  third  person  singular,  there  appears  the  form  bod- 
hati=;/ie  knoics.  Again,  the  tenth  conjugation  lengthens  its 
radical  vowel,   and   to    the  root  thus  strengthened  affixes   aja,* 

*  rronounced  as  though  spelled  aya. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  15 

before  adding  the  personal  endings.  Thus,  kam,  to  love,  becomes 
successively  kam,  kam-aja,  kam-aja-ti  =  he  loves.  This  San- 
skrit tenth  conjugation  is  the  archetype  of  the  Latin  first,  second, 
and  fourth,  the  affix  aja  being  variously  reduced  to  the  forms 
a,  e,  i,  the  characteristics  of  these  conjugations  respectively. 

51.  Remark.  This  aja  is  probably  an  expansion  of  the  root  i, 
to  go.  Kam-aja-ti  may  therefore  be  literally  rendered  lie  goes 
to  love.  Compare  with  this  the  use  of  such  expressions  in  the 
Latin  as  ire  ad  gaudium,  ire  ad  cogitationem ;  also,  the  em- 
ployment of  this  same  verb  ire  in  conjunction  with  the  supine,  to 
form  the  future  infinitive  passive  ;  e.g.,  amatum  iri. 

Conjugation  First. 

52.  Li  this  conjugation,  the  semi-vowel  j  of  the  affix  aja  is 
syncopated  ;  and  the  two  a's  combine  to  form  a  long.  The  Latin 
amo  has  lost  an  initial  palatal,  —  k,  —  and  is  radically  identical 
with  the  Sanskrit  kam,  mentioned  above.  To  verify  our  explana- 
tion of  the  a  characterizing  the  first  Latin  conjugation,  we  place 
side  by  side  the  inflection  of  kam  and  amo,  in  a  part  of  the  pres- 
ent active  indicative  forms. 

Sanskrit.  Latin. 

2d    Sing.       kam-aja-si  (k)am-a-s(i) 

3d    Sixg.       kam-aja-ti  (k)am-a-t(i) 

1st  Plur.      kam-aja-mas  (k)am-a-mus 

oD    Plur.      kam-aja-nti  (k)am-a-nt(i) 

The  only  parts  of  the  verb  amo,  in  which,  as  respects  the 
conjugational  affix,  the  actual  seems  not  to  be  in  accord  with  the 
theoretical  form,  are  the  first  person  singular,  present  indicative 
active,  which  will  be  explained  at  123  ;  and  the  present  subjunctive, 
which  will  be  explained  at  85. 

Conjugation  Second. 

53.  Li  this  conjugation,  the  second  a  of  the  affix  aja  is  elided, 
the  semi-vowel  j  changed  to  its  corresponding  full  vowel  i,  and  the 
resulting  form  ai  passes  into  e  (by  8).  That  the  e  of  the  second 
conjugation,  like  the  a  of  the  first,  is  derived  from  the  old  affix 
aja,  appears  on  comparing  the  inflection  of  the  Sanskrit  man 
with  the  Latin  verb  moneo,  of  the  same  root. 


16  ANALYSIS    OF   THE    VERB. 


Sanskrit.  Latin. 

2d    Sing,      man-aja-si  nion-e-s(i) 

3d    Sing,      man-aja-ti  nion-e-t(i) 

1st  Plur.     man-aja-mas  mon-e-mus 

3d    Plur.     man-aja-nti  mon-e-nt(i) 

The  full  fonn  of  the  perfect  and  supine  -would  be  mon-e-vi, 
mon-e-tum.  For  the  method  by  which  these  have  been  abbre- 
viated to  mon-ui,  mon-i-tum,  and  for  the  explanation  of  the 
first  person  singular,  present  indicative  active,  vid.  125. 

Conjugation  Fourth. 

54.  Considering  next  the  fourth  conjugation  (as  its  affix  i  has 
the  same  origin  as  the  a  of  the  first,  and  the  e  of  the  second) ,  we 
find  that  in  this  the  first  a  of  aja  becomes  i,  the  semi-vowel  is 
changed  to  its  corresponding  vowel  i,  and  the  two  i's  combine  to 
form  i  long.  The  second  a  is  generally  dropped  :  the  parts  of  the 
verb  in  which  it  is  retained  and  changed  will  be  considered  at  126. 
That  the  i  of  the  Latin  is  sprung  from  the  Sanskrit  aja  appears,  on 
comparing  the  inflection  of  the  Sanskrit  svap  (conjugated  as  a 
causal)  with  that  of  the  identical  Latin  root  sop. 

Sanskrit.  Latin. 

2d    Sing,      svap-aja-si  sop-i-s(i) 

3d    Sing,      svap-aja-ti  sop-i-t(i) 

1st  Plur.     svap-aja-mas  sop-i-mus 

3d    Plur.     svap-aja-nti  sop-iu-nt(i) 

The  third  person  plural  —  sop-iu-nt  —  is  one  of  the  forms  in  which 
the  second  a  of  aja  has  been  retained,  and  changed  to  u. 

Conjugation  Third. 

55.  Two  classes  of  verbs,  which  may  be  represented  respec- 
tively by  veho  and  capio,  with  characteristic  vowels  distinct  in 
their  origin,  have  been,  by  grammarians,  referred  to  the  third 
conjugation. 

56.  The  Sanskrit  first  conjugation  affixes  to  the  root  simple  a, 
and  from  this  a  comes  the  i,  which  characterizes  verbs  like  veho ', 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  17 

as,  in  the  forms  veh-i-s,  veh-i-t,  &c.  The  parts  in  which  a  is  not 
affixed,  or  is  changed  into  another  vowel  than  i,  will  be  considered 
at  127.  For  the  relation  of  the  Sanskrit  a  to  the  Latin  i,  compare 
the  inflection  of  vah  (first  Sanskrit  conjugation) ,  and  veho  (root, 
veh) : — 

Sanskrit.  Latin. 

2d    Sing,      vah-a-si  veh-i-s(i) 

3d    Sing,      vah-a-ti  veh-i-t  (i) 

1st  Plur.     vah-a-mas  veh-i-mus 

3d    Plur.     vah-a-nti  veh-u-ut(i) 

The  third  person  plural  is  one  of  the  forms  in  which  a  has 
been  changed,  not  into  i,  but  into  u,  giving  veh-u-nt  in  place  of 
veh-i-nt. 

57.  The  Sanskrit  fourth  conjugation  adds  ja  to  the  root,  and  to 
this  j  a  is  to  be  referred  the  affix  of  the  so-called  "  Verbs  in  io,  of 
Conjugation  Third."  The  j  of  this  ja  is  changed  to  i,the  a  is  often 
dropped.  The  parts  of  the  verb  in  which  it  is  retained  and  changed 
will  be  considered  at  128.  We  subjoin  a  specimen  of  the  probable 
earlier  and  later  inflection  of  capio :  — 

2d    Sing.  cap-ja-si      =:cap-i(a)-s       =cap-i-s 

3d    Sing.  cap-ja-ti      =cap-i(a)-t       =cap-i-t 

1st  Plur.  cap-ja-mas  =  cap-i(a)-inus  =  cap-i-mus 

3d    Plur.  cap-ja-nti    =cap-ia-nt        =cap-iu-nt 


Irregular  Verbs. 

58.  Beside  those  verbs  that  are  classified  into  conjugations, 
there  are,  in  the  Latin,  a  few  known  as  irregular.  Irregular  verbs 
are  such  as  add  the  personal  affixes  to  the  root  without  an  inter- 
mediate vowel,  and  correspond  to  the  Sanskrit  second  conjugation. 
They  are  of  two  kinds  :  — 

59.  (^.)  Irregular  verbs,  whose  root  ends  in  a  vowel.  These 
are :  do,  dare  (root,  da)  ;  for,  fari  (root,  fa)  ;  flo,  flare  (root, 
fla) ;  no,  nare  (root,  na) ;  sto,  stare  (root,  sta) ;  in-quam 
(root,  qua);  eo,  ire  (root,  i).  Of  these,  all  except  eo  and  in- 
quam  are,  from  their  resemblance  to  the  first  conjugation,  usually 
classified  with  that,  — improperly,  however,  for  the  a  of  these  verbs 

2 


-\ 


18  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

is  not  derived  from  the  affix  aja,  but  constitutes  a  part  of  fhe 
root ;  and  do,  for  example,  is  to  be  analyzed,  — 


not 

but 

Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Pers.  Af. 

Root. 

Peks.  Af. 

2d    Sing. 

d 

a 

s 

da 

s 

oD    Sing. 

d 

a 

t 

da 

t 

1st  Plur. 

d 

a 

mus 

da 

mus 

3d    Plur. 

d 

a 

nt 

da 

nt 

60.  (B.)  Irregular  verbs,  whose  root  ends  in  a  consonant. 
These  are:  edo,  root  ed;  volo,  root  vol;  fero,  root  fer;  sum, 
esse,  root  es.  We  subjoin  the  parallel  inflection  of  the  Sanskrit 
(second  conjugation)  root  ad,  to  eat,  and  the  identical  Latin  root 
ed,  giving,  in  each  instance,  first  the  regular,  then  the  euphonic 
form :  — 

Sais'skrit.  Latin. 

2d  Sing,  ad-si  (at-si)  ed-s  (es) 

3d  Sing,  ad-ti  (at-ti)  ed-t  (es-t) 

1st  Plur.  ad-mas  ed-mus  (ed-(i)-mus) 

2d  Plur.  ad-tha  (at-tha)  ed-tis  (es-tis) 

By  the  side  of  es,  est,  &c.,  are  found  also  edis,  edit.  But  it 
is  not  to  be  so  understood  that  es  is  a  contraction  of  edis :  es  or 
eds  is  the  original  form,  from  which,  by  the  insertion  of  a  vowel 
(i),  after  the  analogy  of  the  conjugations,  has  been  formed  the 
later  edis.  To  the  same  influence  of  analogy  is  to  be  referred  the 
very  general  use  of  a  connecting  vowel,  in  forming  the  parts  of 
fero  and  volo. 

Affixes  of  Voice. 

61.  The  active  was  the  voice  earliest  developed,  and  therefore 
contains,  in  its  inflection,  no  clement  by  Avhich  it  is  specially  char- 
acterized. The  Latin  passive  is  a  modification  of  the  active,  and 
is  formed  by  affixing  to  the  latter  the  accusative  of  the  reflexive 
pronoun  se,  or  its  initial  s.  This  union  is  limited  to  the  present 
system,  and  is  attended  with  various  euphonic  changes,  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  19 

62.  Indicative  and  Subjunctive.  The  affix  s  is  changed 
to  r  ill  all  forms  (  by  36),  except  that  of  the  second  person  singu- 
lar ;  e.g.,  amo  -)-  s  =  amo  -]-  r  =  amor. 

63.  Final  m,  and  final  s  of  the  first  person  plural,  of  the  active 
forms,  are  dropped  before  the  appended  s :  e.g.,  amabam  -|-  s  = 
amaba  -|-  s  =  amaba  -\-  r  (by  62)  =  amabar ;  audiremus  -|-  s 
=  audiremu  -|-  s  =  audiremu  -]-i:  =  audiremur. 

64.  Active  forms  terminating  in  a  consonant,  except  those  men- 
tioned under  63,  affix  s  with  a  connecting  vowel.  This  vowel,  in 
the  second  singular,  is  i ;  in  other  cases,  u;  e.g.,  regeret-}-s  = 
regeret  -|-  u  -|-  s  =  regeret  -j-  u  -[-  r  =  regeretur. 

65.  In  the  second  person  singular,  final  s  of  the  active  becomes 
r  (by  36)  ;  e.g.,  capiebas  -|-  s  =  (by  64)  capiebas  -|-  i  -j-  s  = 
capiebar  -[-  i  -|-  s  =  capiebaris. 

66.  i,  immediately  preceding  s  final  of  the  active  voice,  appears 
in  the  passive  as  e  (conf.  65  and  16)  :  e.g.,  monebis  -|-  s  =  (by 
64)  monebis  -|-  i  -|-  s  ==  (by  65)  monebir  -]-  i  -j-  s  =  moneber 
-|-  i  -|-  s  =  moneberis. 

67.  Note.  —  The  second  form  of  the  second  singular — amare, 
amabare,  &c.  —  is  simply  an  abbreviation  of  the  regular  amiaris, 
amabaris. 

68.  Imperative.  The  only  special  remark  to  be  made  upon 
the  imperative  is,  that  its  second  person  singular  adds  the  full  form 
of  the  reflexive  se  to  the  active  voice,  with  the  regular  change  of 
s  to  r  :  e.g.,  ama  -j-  se  =  ama  -\-  re  ;  cape  -|-  se  =  cape  -|-  re. 
In  other  respects,  this  mood  is  formed  according  to  the  rules  given 
above  for  the  indicative. 

69.  INFI^^TIVE.  To  form  the  infinitive,  s  (changed  to  r)  is 
added  as  above,  a  connecting  vowel — e  —  inserted,  and  the  final 
e  of  the  active  form  changed  to  i.  Thus,  we  have  successively, 
amare,  amare-r,  amare-er,  amari-er.  This  form  amarier,  of 
fi\'(|uent  occurrence  in  earlier  Latin  authors,  is  reduced  to  the  later 
amari,  by  the  ehsion  of  the  final  syllable.  In  the  third  conjugation, 
the  corruption  seems  to  have  been  carried  still  farther,  and  for 
forms  like  regi  (obtained  by  elision  from  regier)  may  be  conjec- 
tured an  earlier  regerier. 

70.  Remark.  We  have  said  that  the  passive  voice  is  formed 
from  the  active  by  affixing  to  it  the  accusative  of  the  reflexive  pro- 
noun, or  its  initial  consonant.  Exception  to  this  principle  is,  how- 
ever, to  be  taken  in  the  case  of  the  second  person  plural.     The 


20  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

present  indicative  —  amamini,  for  instance  —  cannot  be  explained 
as  a  union  of  se  with  the  corresponding  active  amatis.  Compare 
also  monebitis  with  monebimini;  regeretis  with  regeremini. 
In  each  instance,  there  is  added  to  the  base  of  the  tense  the  ending 
mini ;  and  this  mini,  identical  in  root  with  the  Greek  menos,  is  to 
be  regarded  as  no  other  than  the  nominative  plural  masculine  of  a 
passive  participial  affix  in  minus-a-um.  Thus,  amaminus,  amam- 
ina,  amaminum ;  plural,  amamini,  amaminae,  amamina.  Con- 
sidered as  a  participle,  this  form  suits  the  requirements  of  the 
place  in  respect  to  number  and  case,  and  as  usually  employed  in 
respect  to  gender ;  for  forms  like  capti  estis  are  much  more  fre- 
quent than  captae  estis,  while  capta  estis  would  be  almost  im- 
possible. Amamini  is,  then,  to  be  understood  as  standing  for 
amamini  estis ;  and  the  omission  of  estis  must  be  put  upon  the 
same  ground  as  the  not  infrequent  suppression  of  est  and  sunt 
with  the  existing  participle  in  tus :  thus,  amatus  for  amatus  est, 
amati  for  amati  sunt.  As  confirmatory  of  the  above  explanation, 
it  is  of  interest  to  notice,  in  this  connection,  tra-ces  of  the  use  of 
this  same  participle  in  the  singidar  number;  e.g.,  alumnus  (from 
alo,  to  cherish)  for  alu-minus,  one  that  is  cherished,  hence  a  fos- 
ter-child;  ter-minus, /Aa^  which  is  passed  over,  from  an  old  Sanskrit 
root  (ter),  signifying  to  go  over ;  so  probably  geminus  for  gen- 
minus. 

Modal  and  Temporal  Affixes. 

We  now  proceed  to  review  the  several  tenses  of  the  different 
moods,  considering  the  affixes,  modal  or  temporal,  by  which  they 
are  respectively  characterized. 

Indicative. 

71.  Present.  This  form  receives  no  affix  to  mark  either  its 
mood  or  tense,  the  personal  endings  being  added  directly  to  the 
affix  of  conjugation;  e.g.,  am-a-t,  reg-i-mus. 

72.  Imperfect.  This  tense  receives  a  temporal  affix  identical 
in  its  origin  with  the  imperfect  of  the  Sanskrit  verb  to  he.  We 
subjoin  the  inflection  of  this  Sanskrit  imperfect  in  the  singular, 
omitting  the  augment. 

bav-a-m 
bhav-a-s      I  ^""'"^^  *^^  ^^'P^'^^"  .^'  \  bav-a-s 


bhav-a-t     )  r^cn^nfi^.w  (  bav-a-t 


and     there    remains 
respectively, 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  21 

These  forms  are  still  farther  abbreviated  by  the  syncopation  of 
the  V,  and  the  union  of  the  two  a's,  a  change  identical  with  that 
by  which  aja,  the  affix  of  the  first  conjugation,  becomes  a,  and 
analogous  to  that  by  which  the  Latin  mavolo  becomes  successively 
ma-olo,  malo.  Thus  bav-a-m  becomes  ba-am,  bam;  bav-a-s 
becomes  ba-as,  bas,  &c.  Of  bam,  bas,  bat,  the  letters  m,  s,  t, 
are  the  respective  personal  endings :  after  the  elision  of  these, 
there  remains  the  common  form  ba,  which  is  the  temporal  affix  of 
the  Latin  imperfect ;  e.g. : 


lOOT. 

CoNJ.  Affix. 

Temp.  Af. 

Peks.  Af. 

am 

a 

ba 

m 

=  amabam. 

mon 

e 

ba 

t 

=  monebat. 

73.  Future.  The  conjugations  are  not  in  hannony  in  their 
method  of  forming  the  future.  The  affix  of  the  third  and  fourth 
is  strictly  a  modal  one,  and  will  be  considered  with  the  present 
subjunctive.  That  of  the  first  and  second  is  temporal,  and  kindred 
to  the  ba  of  the  imperfect.  The  root  of  the  Sanskrit  verb  to 
be  is  bhu,  or,  dropping  the  aspiration,  bu.  If  to  this  root 
deprived  of  its  vowel  be  added  the  Sanskrit  future  character  ja, 
there  results  the  form  bja.  We  have  already  seen  (vid.  57) 
that  the  letters  ja,  with  the  personal  affixes,  added  to  the  root 
cap  give  the  forms,  — 

Singular.  Plural. 

cap-io-  cap-  i  -mus 

cap-  i  -s  cap-  i  -tis 

cap-  i  -t  cap-iu-nt 

The  inflection  of  b-ja  we  should  therefore  expect  would  give, 

b-io-  b-  i  -mus 

b-  i  -3  b-  i  -tis 

b-  i  -t  b-iu-nt 

After  syncopating  the  first  of  the  two  vowels  in  the  first  singu- 
lar and  third  plural,  and  dropping  the  personal   endings,  there 


22 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


remains  the  common  form  bi  (first  singular,  bo ;  third  plural,  bu), 
which  is  the  affix  of  the  future  indicative  ;  e.g. : 


Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Temp.  Af. 

Pers.  Af. 

am 

a 

bi 

mus 

=  amabimus. 

mon 

G 

bi 

tis 

=  monebitis. 

74.  Perfect.  In  considering  the  temporal  sign  of  the  per- 
fect, verbs  may  be  divided  into  three  classes.  To  the  first  class 
belong  those  which  form  the  tense  by  reduplication  (vid.  42-49). 
They  are  the  following  :  — 


ago 

* 

frango 

* 

posco 

cado 

• 

* 

jacio 

* 

pungo 

caedo 

* 

memini 

* 

scindo 

cauo 

mordeo 

* 

sisto 

capio 

* 

pango 

spondeo 

cello 

(obsolete) 

parco 

* 

sto 

curro 

pario 

* 

tango 

disco 

pedo 

* 

tendo 

do 

* 

pello 

tondeo 

facio 

pendeo 

* 

tollo 

faUo 

pendo 

* 

tnudo 

findo 

75.  To  the  second  class  belong  verbs  which  employ  in  the  per- 
fect the  affix  u  (after  vowels  convertible  into  v) .  The  explana- 
tion of  this  letter  is  found  in  the  perfect  of  the  same  Sanskrit  root 
bhu,  to  he,  whose  imperfect  and  future  have  furnished  respec- 
tively the  affixes  ba  and  bi.  The  base  of  the  Sanskrit  perfect 
is  ba-bhuv.  If  from  this  form  there  be  dropped  the  reduplica- 
tion (conf.  fidi  from  an  earlier  fi-fidi;  tiili  from  an  earlier 
te-tuli),  there  remains  bhuv.  Now  the  Sanskrit  bh  is  the 
equivalent  of  the  Latin  f.  Conf.  Sanskrit  bhar,  to  carrj/,  with 
fer-o:  bhuj,  to  turn,  vriih  fug-io.  With  the  substitution  of 
f  for  bh,  bhuv  becomes  fuv,  or,  with  the  connecting  vowel 
i,  fuvi,  —  a  form  actually  occurring  in  the  earher  Latin  authors, 
as  the  perfect  of  sum.     From  this  by  syncopation  is  derived  the 

*  Vid.  "  Auonialous  Formations." 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  23 

later  fui.  In  the  word  pos-sum  for  pot-sum,  pot  (for  potis, 
able)  is  purely  an  adjective  element ;  hence,  in  the  perfect 
pot-iii,  the  verbal  force  must  reside  -wholly  in  .the  ui.  As  the 
present  of  possum  is  compounded  of  potis  and  the  present  of 
sum,  we  should  have  expected,  as  the  perfect  of  the  same  verb, 
pot-fui;  i.e.,  potis -|-  the  perfect  of  sum.  As  then  ui  is  verbal 
in  its  character,  as  the  actual  pot-ui  so  far  coincides  with  the 
conjectural  pot-fui,  and  as  there  is  no  other  primitive  with  which 
ui  admits  of  being  associated,  we  shall  be  justified  in  identifying 
it  with  fui,  and  in  recognizing  this  u  (i  is  simply  connective)  as 
the  old  ba-bhuv  carried  to  the  utmost  limit  of  abbreviation. 
To  the  same  origin  must  of  course  be  referred  the  u  (or  v) 
characterizing  the  perfect  tense  of  other  verbs  ;  e.g. : 

Root.  Conj.  Ap.  Temp.  Af  Con.  Vow.  Pees.  Ap. 

am  a               V                   i                  t  =  amavit 

mon  (wanting)         u                   i                   t  :=  monuit. 

aud  i               V                   i                   mus  =  audivimus. 

76.  To  the  tliird  class  belong  verbs  which  in  the  perfect  add 
to  the  root  the  affix  s.  The  Latin  verb  to  he  emplo}S  in  its 
conjugation  tAvo  roots ;  fu,  already  considered,  and  es  (Sanskrit 
as).  From  the  latter  is  formed,  among  other  tenses,  the 
imperfect  esam  (later  eram,  by  36).  Identical  with  esam  is 
the  Sanskrit  asam.  Now  to  form  the  tense  corresponding  to 
the  Latin  perfect  in  s,  the  Sanskrit  adds  to  the  root  the  several 
numbers  and  persons  of  asam.  It  may  therefore  with  consid- 
erable confidence  be  conjectured  that  the  Latin  esam  originally 
rendered  the  same  service,  and  that  to  this,  as  its  origin,  is  to  be 
referred  the  affix  s  under  consideration.  Examples  of  perfects  in 
s  are :  — 

Root.         Temp.  Af.     Con.  Vow.       Pers.  Ap. 
reg  si  t  =  rexit. 

nub  s  i  mus      =  (by  25)  nupsimus. 

77.  Instances  occur  in  which  the  last  two  modes  of  designating 
the  perfect  are  combined:  e.g.,  met-f  s  +  u-|-i=  (by  28,  c) 
messui ;  nect  -f  s  +  u  -f  i  =  (by  28,  a)  iiec  -f  s  +  u  +  i  =  (by 
23)  nexui. 


24  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

78.  Aside  from  the  three  classes  specified  above,  there  remains 
a  large  number  from  which  all  trace  of  an  original  prefix  or  affix 
has  disappeared,  save,  perhaps,  in  the  changed  quantity  of  the 
radical  vowel,  — e.g.,  vidi  from  root  vid  ;  legi  from  root  leg, — 
where  the  lengthening  of  the  vowel  may  be  regarded  as  compen- 
sation for  the  syncopation  of  a  consonant,  or  the  aphaeresis  *  of 
the  reduplicate  syllable.  It  is  to  be  supposed  that  all  Latin  verbs, 
certainly  all  which  had  an  existence  in  the  earlier  period  of  the 
language,  originally  designated  the  perfect  by  some  special  char- 
acteristic. In  its  loss  we  only  see  carried  one  step  farther  the 
process  of  corruption  by  which  ba-bhuv  has  been  reduced  to 
u,  and  esam  to  s. 

79.  Pluperfect.  This  tense  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  base 
of  the  perfect,  the  imperfect  of  the  verb  sum.  Thus  rex  (for 
reg-f  s)-erat,  amav-eram,  ce-cin-eratis.  In  the  first  of  these 
examples,  the  root  reg  expresses  abstractly  the  idea  of  "ruling." 
The  form  reg  -\-  s  expresses  concretely  the  idea  of ' '  having  ruled ; " 
and  the  form  reg -f- s  +  era -f- 1,  with  its  double  temporal  and 
single  personal  limitation,  reduces  the  generic  conception  "  rul- 
ing "  to  the  specific  thought  "  he  was  having  ruled,"  i.e.,  "  he  had 
ruled." 

80.  Future  Perfect.  The  future  perfect  adds  to  the  base 
of  the  perfect  the  future  of  sum;  e.g.,  amav-ero,  rex-ero, 
ce-cin-ero. 

81.  There  occurs  also  an  old  future  perfect  in  so,  formed  by 
adding  to  the  base  of  the  perfect  eso  (later  ero;  vid.  "Table  I."), 
with  the  aphaeresis  of  e:  e.g.,  amas-so,  by  assimilation  for 
amav-so :  habes-sit  for  habev-sit ;  cap-so,  probably  for  ca- 
cap-so;  faxo  (fac-so)  for  fa-faxo.  Vid.  capio  and  facio 
under  "Anomalous  Formations." 


Subjunctive. 

82.  Present.  The  Latin  Subjunctive,  though  known  as  a 
single  mood,  in  reality  comprises  two,  which  are  distinct  in  origin, 
and  may  be  designated  the  Conjunctive  and  Optative. 

83.  To  the  conjunctive  belongs  the  present  subjunctive  of  con- 
jugations second,  third,  and  fourth.     Its  modal  affix  is  a. 

*  Aphseresis  is  the  loss  of  a  syllable  or  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  25 

The  full  form  of  moneo,  in  the  present  subjunctive,  first  plural, 
will  therefore  be  :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Ap.       Mod.  Af.  Pers.  Af. 

mon  aja  a  mus 

or  (changing  aj  to  e  by  53), 

mon  ea  a  mus 

or  (combining  the  a's  of  the  conjugational  and  modal  affixes  into  a 
long) 

m,on  e  a  mus  =  moneamus. 

The  full  form  of  rego,  present  subjunctive,  first  plural,  would 
in  like  manner  be  :  — 
Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af.  PeFvS.  Af. 

reg  a  a  mus 

or  (combining  the  two  a's  into  a  long) , 
reg  a  mus  ==  regamus. 

In  the  same  manner,  the  present  subjunctive,  first  person  plural, 
of  audio,  would  be  :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af.  Pers.  Af. 

aud  aja  a  mus 

or  (changing  aj  into  i  by  54), 
aud  ia  a  mus 

or  (combining  the  a's  of  the  conjugational  and  modal  affixes  into 
a  long), 

aud  i  a  mus=:audiamus. 

84.  As  conjunctives  are  to  be  reckoned,  also,  such  forms  as 
creduam,  perduam,  in  which  a  is  the  modal  affix,  and  u  the 
attenuation  of  the  radical  vowel  of  the  root  da.  Vid.  do  under 
"  Anomalous  Formations  ;  "  also  59. 

85.  To  the  optative  belongs  the  present  subjunctive  of  conjuga- 
tion  first,  and   the    future    indicative    of  conjugations   third   and 


26  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

fourth.  The  modal  affix  is  ja.  The  fall  form  of  amo,  in  the 
present  subjunctive,  third  person  plural,  would  therefore  be  :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af.  Pers.   Af. 

am  aja  ja  nt 

or  (converting  aja  into  a  by  52,  and  dropping  the  a  of  ja), 
am  a  j  nt 

or  (changing  j  to  i  by  9,  and  combining  ai  to  form  e  by  8), 
am  e  nt  =:  ament. 

By  a  like  process   is  obtained   the   later  form  of  rego,  future 
indicative,  third  plural. 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af.  Pers.  Af. 

reg  a  ja  nt 

or  (by  the  elision  of  the  modal  a,  the  conversion  of  j  into  i,  and 
the  union  of  a  with  i) , 

reg  e  nt  =  regent 

The  full  form  of  audio,   future  indicative,  third  plural,  would 
in  like  manner  be  :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af.  Pers.  Af. 

aud  aja  ja  nt 

or  (by  the  change  of  aj  to  i,  by  54,  and  the  conversion  of  the 
modal  j  to  i), 

aud  ia  ia  nt. 

or  (by  the  ehsion  of  the  modal  a,  and  the  union  of  the  conjuga- 
tional  a  with  the  modal  i  to  form  e), 

aud  i  e  nt  =  audient 

The  first  person  singular  of  these  futures  is,  however,  to  be  ex- 
plained as  conjunctive  rather  than  optative,  and  hence  forms 
regam  for  regem,  and  audiam  for  audiem. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  27 

86.  As  optatives  are  to  be  reckoned  also  forms  like  du-i-m, 
credu-i-m,  perdu-i-m  (conf.  84)  ;  also  ed-i-m,  to  eat  (conf.  60). 

87.  Impekfect.  The  verb  is  conjugated  in  this  tense  by  the 
use  of  the  imperfect  subjunctive  forms  of  the  verb  to  he,  sem, 
ses,  set,  &c.  (vid.  "Table  I."),  "vvhich  after  the  conjugational 
affix  or  a  connecting  vowel  become  (by  36)  rem,  res,  ret.  Ex- 
amples are :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Ending. 


am 

a 

rem 

=  amarem. 

mon 

e 

ret 

=  moneret. 

reg 

e 

remus 

=  regeremus. 

aud 

i 

rent 

=  audirent. 

88.  Perfect.  This  tense  adds  to  the  base  of  the  perfect 
indicative,  the  present  subjunctive  of  the  verb  to  he,  with  the 
connecting  vowel  i.     Hence,  for  example,  results  the  form, — 

Root.      Conj.  Af.      Temp.  Af.     Con.  Vow.        Ending. 
am  a  V  i  sim. 

or  —  with  the  change  of  s  to  r  (by  36),  and  the  displacement  of 
i  by  e  before  r  (by  16)  — 

am  a  V  e  rim         =  amaverim. 

89.  By  the  omission  of  the  connective,  and  consequent  reten- 
tion of  the  s,  are  obtained  such  forms  as  negas-sim,  by  assimila- 
tion for  negav-sim ;  emis-sim  for  emit-sim ;  faxim  for  fac-sim, 
and  this  for  a  conjectural  fa-fac-sim.     Conf.  81. 

90.  Pluperfect.  This  tense  joins  to  the  base  of  the  perfect 
indicative,  by  means  of  a  connective  i,  the  imperfect  subjunctive 
forms  of  the  verb  to  be,  sem,  ses,  set,  &c.,  with  the  reduplication 
of  the  initial  consonant  s;  e.g.  : 

Root.        Conj.  Af.        Temp.  Af. 
am.  a  v 

reg       (wanting)  s 

The  reduplication  of  the  s,  though  of  rare  occurrence  in  the 
Latin,  is  not  without  its  analogies  in  the  Greek.  The  i  is  to  be 
considered  purely  as  a  connective,  and  in  no  sense  an  attenuation 
of  the  e  of  essem:  i  before  two  consonants  frequently  becomes 


Con.  Vow. 

Ending. 

i 

ssem 

=  amavissem. 

i 

ssem 

^^  rexissem. 

28  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

e,  but  not  the   converse.     Amavessem   might  have  proceeded 
from  amavissem,  but  not  amavissem  from  amavessem. 

Imperative. 

91.  The  imperative  receives  no  modal  or  temporal  affix,  but 
adds  the  personal  endings  directly  to  the  affix  of  conjugation. 

Infinitive. 

92.  The  Latin  infinitives  are  simply  oblique  cases  (dative, 
accusative,  or  ablative)  of  the  noun.  As  a  dative  is  to  be  consid- 
ered, j^?-5^,  the  infinitive  present.  This  adds  to  the  root,  with  its 
conjugational  affix,  the  ending  se  (later  re) . 

Root.  Conj.  Af.  Mod.  Af. 

am  a  se  :^  amare. 

This  ending  is  still  farther  to  be  resolved  into  s,  the  radical 
consonant  of  the  verb  to  he,  and  e,  the  case  affix  of  the  dative. 
The  use  of  this  e  as  a  case  sign  appears,  for  example,  in  such 
datives  as  causae  =  causa  -|-  e ;  aquee  ==  aqua  -\-  e.  The  i  of 
forms  like  Romano-i,  populo-i,  &c.  (later  Romano,  populo) 
is  the  second  element  of  this  e  (=  a  -|-  i)  • 

93.  Second,  the  infinitive  perfect  active.  This  tense  joins 
to  the  base  of  the  perfect  indicative,  by  means  of  the  connecting 
vowel  i,  the  ending  se  with  the  reduplication  of  its  initial  s 
(conf.  90)  ;  e.g. : 


Root. 

CONJ.  Ap. 

Temp.  Ap. 

Con.  Vow. 

Mod.  Ap. 

aud 

i 

V 

i 

sse. 

94.  TJiird,  the  infinitive  perfect  passive.  This  tense  compounds 
the  perfect  passive  participle  with  the  infinitive  esse.  For  the 
explanation  of  esse,  which  is  also  a  dative,  vid.  134. 

95.  Fourth,  the  future  infinitive  active,  which  combines  the 
future  active  participle  with  esse. 

96.  Remark  1.  The  relations  most  commonly  denoted  by 
Latin  datives  are  those  expressed  by  the  prepositions  to  and  jfoi'. 
Precisely  analogous,  then,  is  the  use  of  dative  infinitives  in  Latin 
to  that  of  the  English  infinitive  in  the  objective  case  governed  by 
to:  e.g.,  to  be,  i.e.,  to  the  being;  to  love,  i.e.,  to  the  loving.  As 
expressing  the  proper  case  relation  of  infinitives  in  e,  the  sen- 


ANALYMS    OF    THfe  ,  YEB^  29 


tences  solent  cogitare,  non  audeo  confiteri,  may  be  respectively 
rendered,  they  are  accustomed  to  thought,  I  have  not  the  courage 
for  a  confession. 

97.  Remark  2.  That  infinitives  strictly  dative  should  be  em- 
ployed to  denote  a  variety  of  relations  foreign  to  the  dative,  is 
but  another  illustration  of  the  principle,  that  the  exact  use  of 
forms  can  exist  only  with  the  consciousness  of  their  exact  import. 
So  long  as  e  was  remembered  as  a  case  affix,  and  to  recognized 
as  a  preposition,  amare,  and  to  love  could  only  render  the  service 
of  a  dative  and  objective ;  but  the  gradual  identification  of  these 
elements  with  the  body  of  the  word  resulted  also  in  the  loss  of 
those  definite  relations  of  which  they  had  been  the  symbol. 

98.  As  an  accusative  is  to  be  considered  the  infinitive  com- 
monly known  as  the  "supine  in  m.'"  This  adds  either  to  the 
conjugational  affix,  or  to  the  root  with  or  without  the  connective 
i,  the  affix  tiim.  Examples  of  these  three  modes  of  attachment 
are,  —  am-a-tum,  mon-i-tum,  dic-tum.  For  the  correspond- 
ence of  the  Sanskrit  infinitive  with  this  Latin  form  compare  San- 
skrit stha-tum,  to  stand,  with  sta-tum;  pa-tum,  to  drink,  with 
po-tum;  jan-i-tum,  to  beget,  with  gen-i-tum;  da- turn,  to  give, 
with  da-tum.  This  affix  may  be  resolved  thus,  tii-m.  Tii  is  an 
element  quite  commonly  employed  in  the  Latin  to  form  nouns  of 
action  and  condition.  Conf  sta-tu-s,  tac-tu-s,  son-i-tu-s, 
or-tu-s.  m  is  the  case  sign  of  the  accusative,  common  to  all  the 
declensions.  This  infinitive  is  used  after  verbs  of  motion,  to 
denote  that  in  which  the  motion  ends,  and  hence  as  the  oblique 
case  of  a  substantive  falls  readily  under  the  Accusative  of  Limit. 

99.  In  the  "supine  in  u"  may  be  recognized  an  ablative 
infinitive.  This  is  formed  from  the  same  base  as  the  infinitive 
in  m,  and  is  characterized  by  the  affix  tu  (for  tu-(d).  This 
ending  may  be  resolved  thus,  tu-u.  The  first  element  is  identical 
with  the  tu  of  tii-m,  considered  above  :  the  u  final  is  a  reduplicate 
of  the  radical  vowel  (received  in  the  ablative  for  emphasis),  and 
combines  with  it  to  form  u  long.  Compare  the  nominative  fruc- 
tu-s  with  the  ablative  fruc-tu  (=fruc-tu-u),  for  the  earlier  fruc- 
tu-d.  This  infinitive  is  employed  to  define  the  application  of 
adjectives,  and  hence,  as  the  oblique  case  of  a  substantive,  is  to 
be  classed  with  ablatives  of  specification. 

100.  Remark  1.  In  the  future  passive  this  mood  combines  the 
dative  infinitive  iri  (impersonal  passive  from  eo)  with  the  accusa- 


30  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

tive  infinitive  in  m.  In  the  use  of  this  accusative  after  eo,  note 
the  conformity  with  the  ^^rinciple  stated  at  the  close  of  the  98th 
section. 

101.  Remark  2.  Tliough  properly  the  modal  affix  of  these 
three  varieties  of  infinitive  is  respectively  se,  turn,  and  tu,  for  the 
sake  of  convenience  the  formative  case  elements,  e,  m,  and  ii,  will 
in  the  "Tables"  be  separated  from  the  base,  and  entered  under 
"Case  Affix." 

Participle. 

102.  Tlie  Latin  participles  are  formed  in  the  use  of  but  three 
distinct  affixes.  First,  nt,  which  is  added  to  the  affix  of  conjuga- 
tion to  form  the  participle  present.  To  the  base  as  thus  composed 
there  is  affixed  in  the  nominative  the  case  sign  s ;  e.g. : 

Root.     Conj.  Ap.       Mod.  Ap.       Case  Ap. 

am  a  nt  s  =  (by  28,  a)  amans. 

103.  With  the  exchange  of  the  surd  lingual  t  for  the  sonant 
lingual  d,  nt,  the  affix  of  the  verbal  adjective  (participle)  is 
converted  into  nd,  the  affix  of  the  verbal  noun  (gerund)  ;  e.g. : 

Root.  Conj.  Ap.  Mod.  Ap.  Case  Ap. 

mon  e  nd  i  (genitive) 

104.  nt  with  the  addition  of  u,  and  the  conversion  of  t  into  d, 
as  above,  forms  the  affix  of  the  future  participle  passive ;  e.g. : 

Root.  Conj.  Ap.  Mod.  Ap.  Case  Ap. 

am  a  ndu  s  (nominative) 

105.  Any  reluctance  to  identify  such  forms  as  amans  and 
amandus,  on  the  ground  that  one  is  passive,  and  the  other  active, 
may  be  removed  by  noting  the  traces  of  an  original  active  force 
in  both.  Thus  from  sequor,  to  follow ;  voluto,  to  roll ;  and  vito, 
to  avoid,  —  come  respectively  :  — 

Root.    Conj.  Ap.  Mod.  Ap.  Case  Ap. 

sequ         —  *         ndu        s         =  secundus,  the  following  one. 
volut        a    (bu)  ndu       s         =  volutabundus,  tlte  rolling  one. 
vit  a    (bu)  ndu       s  =  vitabundus,  the  avoiding  one. 

*  A  dash  deaotes  that  a  part  is  wanting. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  31 

The  last  example  is  particularly  interesting,  in  that  it  is  not  only 
used  in  an  active  sense,  but  is  also  employed  by  Livy  with  a 
dependent  accusative  :    Hanno  vitabundus  castra  hostium. 

106.  IsoTE. — The  letters  bu  in  forms  like  vita-bu-ndus, 
treme-bu-udus,  are  referred  to  the  root  bhu  (Latin  fu,  fu-i ; 
vid.  also  72  and  73). 

107.  The  second  variety  of  participial  affix  is  turu,  which  is 
added  to  the  affix  of  conjugation,  or  to  the  root  Avith  or  without 
the  connective  i,  to  form  the  future  participle  active ;  e.g. : 


Root. 

Con  J.  Af. 

Con.  Vow. 

Mod.  Af. 

Case  Af. 

am 

a 

— 

turu 

s 

mon 

— 

i 

turu 

s 

die 

— 

— 

turu 

s 

108.  u  final  of  the  ending  tur-u  is  inorganic  (conf.  at  104 
nd-u  from  nt) .  Other  forms  of  the  affix  tur  are  tor  and  tri. 
The  former  of  these  is  combined  with  roots  to  form  masculine 
nouns  of  agency,  reckoned  by  Sanskrit  grammarians  as  one  of 
the  forms  of  the  verb.  Examples  are,  gen-i-tor,  vic-tor,  sta-tor. 
The  latter  is  added  to  roots  to  form  feminine  nouns  of  agency, 
with,  however,  the  insertion  of  c  before  the  case  endings :  e.g., 
gen-i-tri-c-s  =  genitrix ;  vic-tri-c-s  =  victrix.  The  Sanskrit  root 
tar  is  probably  the  primitive  of  the  later  tur,  tor,  tri,  and  signi- 
fies a  doer  or  maker.  Both  da-tor  and  da-tur(u)-s  therefore 
literally  signify  one  making  a  gift.  In  the  development  of  the 
language,  the  action  of  the  latter  became  limited  to  the  future, 
while  that  of  the  former  remained  undetermined. 

109.  The  third  form  of  participial  ending  is  tu,  which  is  added 
to  the  conjugational  affix,  or  to  the  root  with  or  without  the  con- 
nective i,  to  form  the  perfect  participle  passive  ;  e.g. : 


Root. 

CoNj.  Af. 

Mod.  Af. 

Case  Af. 

aud 

i 

tu 

s 

die 



tu 

s 

Personal  Affixes. 

110.  The  personal  affixes  are  the  effete  representatives  of  old 
personal  pronouns.     We  proceed  to  pass  in  review  the  sevei-al 


32  ANALYSIS    OF   THE    VERB. 

endings,  singular  and  plural,  giving   to    each   that  which  is   its 
most  probable  and  best  approved  derivation. 

111.  First  Person  Singular.  The  old  root  of  the  first  per- 
sonal pronoun  is  ma.  This  root,  with,  however,  the  attenuation 
of  its  vowel,  appears  in  the  oblique  forms  me-i,  mi-hi,  me-.  As 
still  farther  reduced  to  m,  by  the  surrender  of  its  voAvel,  it  con- 
stitutes the  affix  of  the  first  person.  In  but  two  verbs,  su-m 
(compai^  the  English  a-m) ,  and  inqua-m,  is  this  m  retained  in 
the  present  indicative.  It  has  also  disappeared  from  the  perfect 
and  future  perfect  indicative,  and  from  the  future  of  conjugations 
first  and  second.  Examples  of  the  use  and  abandonment  of  this 
aflix  are  respectively  :  — 

Root.  Conj.  Af.       Mod.  or  Temp.  Af.         Pers.  Af. 

mon  e  a     (Mod)  m 

am  a  bo  (Temp.)  — 

112.  Second  Person  Singular.  Tva,  the  root  of  the  second 
personal  pronoun,  by  the  loss  of  a  and  the  conversion  of  v  into 
u,  has  been  corrupted  to  the  Latin  nominative  tu.  The  same  root 
(tva)  has  become  successively  ta  (by  the  loss  of  v) ,  ti  (by 
attenuation),  si  (by  interchange  betAveen  lingual  surds),  s  by 
elision  of  the  vowel.  In  the  form  of  s  it  constitutes  the  affix  of 
the  second  person. 

113.  In  the  imperative  the  ending  has  disappeared :  in  the 
perfect  indicative  it  exists  in  the  earlier  form  ti,  before  Avhich  is 
inserted  a  euphonic  s  (for  the  insertion  of  s,  compare  such  Greek 
forms  as  ke-keleu-s-tai  for  the  regular  ke-keleu-tai) .  Exam- 
ples of  the  second  person  are  :  — 


Root. 

CoNj.  Af. 

Temp.  Af. 

Con.  Vow.          Pers.  Af. 

am 

a 

ba 

—                    s 

aud 

i 

V 

i            (s)        ti 

mon 

e 

— 

—                  — 

114.  Third  Person  Singular.  Ta,  a  Sanskrit  pronominal 
root  of  the  third  person,  becomes  by  attenuation  to  or  te  (conf. 
I^atin  is-te) ,  or,  by  the  surrender  of  its  vowel,  t.  In  this  latter 
form  it  serves  as  the  third  personal  affiux.  In  the  imperative  alone 
is  retained  the  earlier  form,  to. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  33 

115.  Remark  1.  The  third  person  in  to  may  also  perform  the 
office  of  the  second ;  hence  am-a-,  or  am-a-to. 

116.  Remark  2.  An  old  form  of  affix  in  the  imperative  is  tod. 
Thus  in  the  ' '  Twelve  Tables  "  occurs  the  expression  Fidios  af 
patre  leiber  estod;  i.e.,  Filius  a  patre  liber  esto.  This 
ending  is  to  be  explained  as  the  reduplication  of  to  with  suppres- 
sion of  the  second  vowel,  and  the  conversion  of  t  into  its  cognate 
sonant.     Examples  of  the  third  person  are  :  — 


Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Mod.  Af, 

Pers.  Af 

aud 

i 

a 

t 

aud 

i 

— 

to 

117.  First  Person  Plural.  Mus,  the  affix  of  this  person,  is 
a  derivative  by  elision  and  attenuation  from  the  primitive  masi ; 
i.e.,  ma-J- si.  Of  tliis  compound  the  element  ma  is  identical 
with  the  pronominal  root  of  the  first  person  singular.  The 
second  element  si  is  one  of  the  forms  which  we  have  seen  to  be 
derived  from  tva,  the  pronominal  root  of  the  second  person  singu- 
lar; ma  +  si  therefore  =  1  + you  =  we.  This  person  affords  no 
exceptional  cases. 

118.  Second  Person  Plural.  Tis,  the  affix  of  the  second 
plural,  is  derived  by  elision  from  tisi,  and  this  by  attenuation 
from  tasi  =  ta  -}-  si.  The  first  element,  ta,  is  derived  from  the 
pronominal  root  of  the  second  person  singular  (vid.  112)  ;  and  si, 
the  second  element,  is  a  later  derivative  from  the  same  root. 
ta  -|-  si  therefore  ^^  you  (sing.)  -[-  you  (sing.)  =  you  (plural) . 
For  the  insertion  of  s  in  the  perfect  indicative,  vid.  113. 

119.  To  form  the  imperative,  the  root  ta  is  reduplicated  to 
ta-ta,  and  the  vowels  attenuated  respectively  to  o  and  e,  hence 
to-te.     Examples  of  the  second  person  are  :  — 


Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Temp.  Af. 

Con.  Vow.       Pers.  Af. 

mon 

e 

bi 

—                tis 

aud 

i 

V 

i         (s)      tis 

am 

a 

— 

—               to-te 

120.  Third  Person  Plural.  The  full  form  of  ending  in  this 
person  was  probably  anta,  —  i.e. ,  aii  -}-  ta,  —  of  which  an  is  an  old 
demonstrative  root,  and  ta  identical  with  the  pronominal  root  of 
the  third  singular.     An  -\-  ta  therefore  =  he  -j-  he  =  they. 

3 


34  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

121.  The  first  a  of  anta  is  retained  only  wlien  the  ending  is 
attached  to  consonantal  bases,  and  is  then  modified  to  u,  under  the 
influence  of  the  nasal  n  (by  15).  The  second  a  appears  only  in 
the  imperative,  and  that  under  the  attenuated  form  of  o.  Exam- 
ples of  the  third  person  are  :  — 


Root. 

COKJ.  Ap. 

Temp. 

Af. 

Pers.   Af. 

am 

a 

ba 

lit 

mon 

c 

— 

nto 

(e)s 

— 

— 

unt  =  sunt 

122.  Perfects  indicative,  like  amaverunt,  require  still  farther 
explanation.  This  form  is  the  corruption  of  a  regular  am-a-v-i-iit. 
Into  this,  after  the  analogy  of  the  second  persons  of  the  same  tense, 
was  introduced  an  s,  after  which  the  ending  was  added  in  the  form 
of  unt  (by  121).  Am-a-v-i-s-unt,  as  thus  obtained,  was  still  far- 
ther modified  by  the  conversion  of  s  to  r  (by  36)  and  the  change 
of  the  preceding  i  to  e  (by  16),  Hence,  amaverunt,  or,  in  its 
abbreviated  form,  amavere. 

Irregularities  of  the  Conjugational  Affix. 

The  readiest  apprehension  of  these  irregularities  seemed  de- 
pendent upon  a  prior  acquaintance  with  modal,  temporal,  and  per- 
sonal affixes.  The  discussion  of  them  has  therefore  been  deferred 
to  the  present  time. 

Conjugation  First. 

123.  In  the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative,  the 
aflSx  aja  becomes  successively  aa  (by  syncopation) ,  ao  (by  attenu- 
ation), o  (by  contraction).  Hence,  am-aja,  am-aa,  am-ao, 
am-o.  A  few  verbs  of  this  conjugation  omit  the  affix  in  the  per- 
fect and  supine  systems,  ordinarily  inserting  in  the  latter,  however, 
the  connective  i:  e.g.,  dom-o,  dom-ui,  dom-(i)-tum;  but  sec-o, 
sec-ui,  sec-tum. 

124.  Note. — The  i  regularly  occurring  in  the  perfect  of  the 
indicative  and  infinitive  and  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  subjunc- 
tive, of  all  conjugations,  we  have  also  preferred  to  distinguish  from 
the  affix,  and  to  designate  as  connective. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  35 


CoN.juGATiox  Second. 


125.  In  the  fii-st  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative  the 
final  a  of  aja  is  retained,  and  attenuated  to  o.  Hence,  mon-aja 
becomes  successively  mon-aia,  mon-ea,  mon-eo.  In  the  present 
subjunctive,  it  is  likewise  preserved,  and.  combines  with  the  modal 
a  to  form  a  long.  A  few  verbs  like  fleo,  fle-vi,  fle-tum  extend 
the  use  of  the  affix  to  the  three  systems ;  but  it  is.  in  almost  all 
cases,  limited,  to  the  first:  e.g.,  doc-eo,  doc-ui,  doc-tnim ;  aug- 
eo,  aiisi.  auc-tum.  In  the  third  system,  a  connective  i  is  often 
insened :  e.g..  mon-eo,  mon-ui,  mon-(^i)-tum  ;  hab-eo,  hab-ui, 
liab-(i)-tuiiL 

CoNJTGATiox  Fourth. 

126.  The  a  final  of  the  affix  aja  is  retained  and  modified  in  the 
following  forms  :  it  is  attenuated  to  o  in  the  first  person  singular 
of  the  present  indicative ;  to  u  in  the  third  person  plural  of  the 
same  tense,  as  also  in  the  third  plural  of  the  imperative ;  to  e  in 
the  imperfect  indicative,  and  before  the  participial  affix  nt  ( nd, 
ndu).  Examples  of  the  above  changes  are  respectively,  aud-io, 
aud-iu-nt,  aud-iu-nto,  aud-ie-bant,  aud-ie-n(t)s.  In  the  con- 
jimctive  forms,  the  final  vowel  of  the  affix  combines  with  the  modal 
a  to  form  a  long.  In  the  optative,  it  unites  with  the  modal  i  to 
form  e;  e.s.  : 


ElCK)T. 

Co>-.J.  At. 

Mod.  Af. 

Pess.  Af. 

aud 

la 

a 

mus 

—  audiamus 

aud 

ia 

i(a) 

nt 

=  audient 

The  use  of  the  conjugational  affix  is,  in  some  instances,  confined  to 
the  present  system:  e.g.,  aper-io.  aper-ui,  aper-tum;  vinc-io, 
vinc-si  (=  vinxi),  vino-tum. 

COX-HTGATIOX   ThIRD. 

127.  We  observe,  here,  the  method  of  classification  adopted  at 
55-57.  The  parts  of  the  verb  which,  in  conjugation  fourth,  re- 
tain, in  its  modified  or  unmodified  form,  the  final  vowel  of  the  aflix 
aja,  treat  in  the  same  manner  the  affix  a  in  the^r.?^  class  of  conju- 
gation third.     In  the  second  singular  imperative,  i  is  converted  to 


36 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    VERB. 


e  (by  18),  except  in  the  case  of  the  verbs  dico,  duco,  and  fero, 
where  it  is  dropped.  In  the  imperfect  subjunctive  and  present  in- 
finitive, i  becomes  e  under  the  influence  of  r  (according  to  16). 

128.  The  parts  of  the  verb  which,  in  conjugation  fourth,  retain, 
in  its  modified  or  unmodified  foi-m,  the  final  vowel  of  the  affix  aja, 
retain  and  treat  in  like  manner  the  final  vowel  of  the  affix  ja  in 
the  second  class  of  conjugation  third,  i  is  converted  to  e  in  the 
same  forms  of  the  verb,  and  in  obedience  to  the  same  principles  as 
in  class  first,  except  in  the  second  singular  imperative  of  facio, 
where  it  is  dropped.  This  conjugation  limits  the  use  of  its  affixes 
a  and  ja  to  the  present  system, — in  rare  instances,  however,  in- 
serting in  the  third  a  connective  i:  e.g.,  claud-o,  clau(d)-si, 
clau(d)-sum;  but  gem-o,  gem-ui,  gem- (i) -turn. 


TABLE    I. 

Conjugation  of  Esse. 

The  parts  of  the  Latin  verb  to^  he  are  formed  in  the  use  of  two 
roots,  —  es  and  fu.  Although  s  is  rarely  found  in  the  parts  formed 
from  the  first  of  these,  yet  that  it  was  originally  radical  appears 
from  the  comparison  of  the  third  singular,  present  indicative,  in 
the  cognate  languages  :  — 


Sanskrit. 

Zend. 

Lithuanian.    Greek. 

Latin.        Gothic. 

as-ti 

as-ti 

es-ti          es-ti 

INDICATIVE. 
Present. 

es-t            is-t 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Probable  Primititb 

Later  Derivative.       Probabls  Primitive. 

Latkr  Derivative. 

1. 

es-mi 

s-u-m 

es-mus 

s-u-mus 

2. 

es-si 

e-s 

es-tis 

es-tis 

3. 

es-t 

es-t 

es-ant 
Imperfect. 

s-uut 

1. 

es-a-m 

er-a-m               es-a-mus 

er-a-mus 

2. 

es-a-s 

er-a-3 

es-a-tis 

er-a-tis 

3. 

es-a-t 

er-a-t 

es-a-nt 

er-a-nt 

ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


37 


SINGULAR. 

Probable  Peimitive.       Later  Debivatite. 

1.  es-io-m  er-o- 

2.  es-i  -s  er-i-s 

3.  es-  i  -t  er-  i  - 1 


Future. 

PLURAL. 

Pbobable  Primititi.  Later  Debivatitb. 

es-i -mu3  er-i -mus 

es-  i  -tis  er-i  -tis 

es-iu-nt  er-u-nt 


Perfect. 

1. 

2. 
3. 

fu-i-m 
fu-i-ti 
fu-i-t 

fu-i-                   fu-i-mus 
fu-i-(s)ti          fu-i-tis 
fu-i-t                 fu-i.nt 

Pluperfect. 

fu-i  -mus 

fu-i-(s)tis 

fu-e-(r)unt 

1. 
2. 
3. 

fu-esam 

fu-esas 

fu-esat 

fu-eram            fu-esamus 
fu-eras              fu-esatis 
fu-erat              fu-esant 

fu-eramus 

fu-eratis 

fu-erant 

Future  Perfect. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

fu-esiom 

fu-esis 

fu-esit 

fu-ero 
fu-eris 
fu-erit 

fu-esimus 

fu-esitis 

fu-esiunt 

fu-erimus 

fu-eritis 

fu-erint 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 

1. 

2. 
3. 

es-ja-m 

es-ja-s 

es-ja-t 

s-i-m 

s-i-s 

s-i-t 

es-ja-mus 

es-ja-tis 

es-ja-nt 

Imperfect. 

s-i-mus 

s-i-tis 

s-i-nt 

1. 
2. 
3. 

es-a-i-m 

es-a-i-s 

es-a-i-t 

es-(s)-e-m       es-a-i-mus 
es-(s)-e-3         es-a-i-tis 
es-(s)-e-t         es-a-i-nt 

es-(s)-e-mus 

e3-(3)-e-tis 

es-(s)-e-nt 

Perfect. 

1. 

2. 
3. 

fu-i-sim 

fu-i-sis 

fu-i-sit 

fu-e-rim 

fu-e-ris 

fu-e-rit 

fu-i-simus 

fu-i-sitis 

fu-i-sint 

fu-e-rimus 

fu-e-ritis 

fu-e-rint 

38  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


Pluperfect, 
singular.  plural. 

Probable  Pbimitite.  Later  Derivative.        Probable  Primitive.  Later  Derivative, 

1.  fu-i-sem  fu-i-(s)-sem     fu-i-semus  fu-i-(s)-semus 

2.  fu-i-ses  fu-i-(s)-ses      fu-i-setis  fu-i-(s)-setis 

3.  fu-i-set  fu-i-(s)-set      fu-i-sent  fu-i-(s)-sent 

IMPERATIVE. 


2.  es-ti,  or 

es-,  or               es-te,  or 

es-te,  or 

es-to 

es-to                 es-to-te 

es-to-te 

3.  es-to 

es-to                 es-anto 
INFINITIVE. 

s-unto 

Present.  Perfect. 

es-e  es-(s)-e  fu-i-se  fu-i-(s)-se 

Future,  futurus  esse. 

PARTICIPLE. 
Present.  Future. 

es-e-nt-s  s-e-n-s.  fu-turu-s. 


Remarks  on  Esse. 

129.  Indicative.  Present.  The  comparison  of  such  forms 
as  the  Sanskrit  as-mi,  Zend  ah-mi,  Greek  (Doric)  em-mi  (for 
es-mi) ,  Lithuanian  •  es-mi,  points  to  the  existence  of  an  original 
Latin  es-mi,  the  final  vowel  of  which  is  the  attenuated  representa- 
tive of  the  old  a  of  the  pronominal  root  ma.  On  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  vowel,  the  consonant  was  appended  in  the  use  of  a 
connective  u,  which  connective  appears  also  in  the  first  person 
plural,  s-u-mus  for  s-mus  (conf.  vol-u-mus  for  vol-mus).  A 
comparison  of  the  same  languages  renders  probable  also  an  origi- 
nal es-si  in  the  second  singular.  In  this  person,  however,  after 
the  disappearance  of  the  final  vowel,  the  verb  preferred  the  sacri- 
fice of  a  consonant  to  the  insertion  of  a  connective,  and  thus 
reduced  the  intermediate  es-s    (possible  only  in  theory) ,  to  the 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  39 

later  e-s.  We  prefer  to  regard  the  syncopation  as  removing  the 
s  of  the  root  rather  than  of  the  affix,  as  of  the  two  consonants  of 
an  hnpossible  combination  the  syncopation  usually  falls  upon  the 
first. 

130.  Imperfect.  This  tense  inserts  a  connective  a  throughout, 
and  makes  the  usual  change  of  s  to  r  between  two  vowels. 

131.  Future.  The  future  es-io-m  (or  es-io — ,  later  es-o) 
es-i-s,  es-i-t,  &c.,  is  formed  from  the  root  es  in  the  use  of  the  same 
affix  ja,  by  which  b-io  (later  b-o)  b-i-s,  b-i-t  is  produced  from 
the  radical  b  (vid.  73).  It  requires  to  be  noticed  that  while  the 
verb,  in  its  simple  form,  retains  in  the  third  plural  the  latter  of 
the  two  vowels  iu,  when  compounded  with  the  base  of  the  perfect 
to  form  the  future  perfect,  the  former  only  is  preserved.  Hence 
fu-er-iu-nt  becomes,  not  fu-er-u-nt,  but  fu-er-i-nt;  am-a-v-er- 
iu-nt  gives,  not  am-a-v-er-u-nt,  but  ani-a-v-er-i-nt. 

132.  Subjunctive.  Present.  This  form  of  esse  is  optative, 
and  affixes  as  its  modal  sign  ja,  which  becomes  by  the  usual  con- 
version ia,  and  by  attenuation  ie.  Hence  the  earlier  forms  s-ie-m, 
s-ie-s,  s-ie-t,  &c.  In  later  Latin  ie  are  contracted  into  long  i. 
Thus,  s-i-mus,  s-i-tis.  In  explanation  of  the  short  i  of  s-i-m 
and  s-i-t,  vid.  17.  The  present  subjunctive  fuam,  fuas,  &c.,  is 
to  be  explained  as  an  old  conjunctive  form,  based  upon  the  root 
fu,  and  appending  the  conjunctive  modal  affix  a ;  hence,  fu-a-m, 
fu-a-s. 

133.  Imperfect.  This  tense  is  optative,  and  is  formed  from 
es-a,  the  base  of  the  imperfect  indicative,  by  affixing  i  of  the 
modal  sign  ia.  Hence,  es-a-i-tis,  es-a-i-nt,  &c.,  which,  by  the 
union  of  ai  to  form  e,  become  respectively  es-e-tis,  es-e-nt,  forms 
of  actual  occurrence  in  earlier  authors.  For  the  derivation  of 
es(s)-e-m,  &c.,  from  the  earlier  es-e-ra,  conf.  90.  The  forms 
es-e-m,  es-e-s,  &c.,  with  the  apha3resis  of  the  vowel,  constitute 
the  affix  of  the  several  conjugations  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive ; 
e.g.,  am-a-rem,  reg-e-rem  for  am-a-sem,  reg-e-sem.  Forem, 
probably  a  corruption  of  fu-rem,  is  to  be  explained  as  a  union  of 
the  same  ending  rem  (for  sem)  with  the  root  fu. 

134.  Infinitive.  Present.  The  present  infinitive  adds  to 
the  root,  es,  the  case  sign  of  the  dative,  e.  This  form  es-e, 
which  occurs  in  earlier  Latin,  developed  by  the  reduplication  of 
its  consonant  into  the  later  e3(s)-e.  Fore,  another  form  of  the 
same  tense,  with  however,  in  general,  a  future  signification,  stands 


40  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

for  fure,  and  tliis  forfu-se;  i.e.,  the  sign  of  the  dative  infinitive  : 
added  to  the  root  fu.  i 

135,  Participle.  Present.  This  participle  appears  only  in  ; 
composition,  and  then  with  the  aphaeresis  of  e.  Hence,  nomina-  \ 
tive  ab-sens  (for  ab-s-e-nt-s) ,  genitive  ab-s-e-nt-is.  The ! 
compounds  absens  and  praesens  have  been  commonly  resolved  ; 
thus :  abs-ens,  praes-ens.  The  s  belongs,  however,  in  each  • 
case,  to  the  second  element,  and  represents  the  old  root  es.  . 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE   VERB. 


41 


TABLE   II. 

Conjugation  of  Amo. 
Active  Voice. 


ANALYTIC. 


SYNTHETIC. 


Mood  and 

Pars. 

Koot. 

CONJ. 

Ar. 

Mod.  and 

Con. 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early. 

Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

Vow. 

S.  1. 

am 

(aa)* 

ao 

_ 

_ 

_ 

amo. 

|l 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

S 

amas. 

3. 

am. 

(aa) 

at 

— 

— 

t 

amat. 

ll 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 





mus 

amamus. 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

tis 

amatis. 

M 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

nt 

amant. 

S.l. 

am. 

(aa) 

a 

ba 

_ 

m 

amabam. 

II 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

ba 

— 

s 

amabas. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

ba 



t 

amabat. 

II 

P.l. 

n.m 

(aa) 

a 

ba 

— 

mus 

amabamus. 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

ba 

— 

tis 

amabatis. 

^° 

3. 

am. 

(aa) 

a 

ba 

— 

nt 

amabant. 

S.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bo 

amabo. 

ot 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bi 

— 

s 

amabis. 

S  Is 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bi 

— 

t 

amabit. 

|.i 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bi 

— 

mus 

amabimus. 

^1 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bi 

— 

tis 

amabitis. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

bu 

— 

nt 

amabunt. 

S.l. 

ara 

(aa) 

a 

V 

] 

amavi. 

^i 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

(s)$  ti 

amavisti. 

«2  ^ 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

} 

t 

amavit. 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

] 

mus 

amavimus. 

&i 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

] 

(s)t  tis 

amavistis. 

M 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

i 

nt 

amaverunt.  § 

S.  1. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 

_ 

m 

amaveram. 

1^ 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 

— 

s 

araaveras. 

*§■! 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 

— 

t 

amaverat. 

ti 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 

— 

mus 

amaveramus. 

s-^ 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 



tis 

amaveratis. 

Sm 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-era 

— 

nt 

amaverant. 

^ 

S.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-ero 

_ 

amavero. 

%t 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

s 

amaveris. 

(2-^ 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

t 

amaverit. 

II 

gh-l 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

mus 

amaverimus. 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

tis 

amaveritis. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

nt 

amaverint. 

*  In  this  conjugation  we  carry  back  the  conjugational  affix  no  farther  than  to  aa,  the 
form  resulting  from  aja  by  the  syncopation  of  j. 

t  Shortened  from  a  long  by  the  influence  of  the  following  t  final  (Vid.  17  )• 
t  Vid.  113  and  118.  §  Yid.  122. 


42 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and 

Pers. 

Root. 

CONJ. 

Af. 

Mod.  and 

Con. 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early 

Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

Vow. 

i. 

S.  1. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a)* 



m 

amem. 

11 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a) 

— 

s 

ames. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a) 

— 

t 

amet. 

s  ^ 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a) 

— 

mus 

amemus. 

f^f 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a) 

— 

tis 

ametis. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

i(a) 

— 

nt 

ament. 

_  ej 

S.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

_ 

m 

amarem. 

t-S 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

— 

s 

amares. 

fe  fl 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

— 

t 

amaret. 

S.3 

P.l 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

— 

mus 

amaremus. 

^? 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

— 

tis 

amaretis. 

M   3 
02 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

re 

— 

nt 

amarent. 

S 

S.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 



m 

amaverim. 

2. 

ara 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

s 

amaveris. 

1« 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

t 

amaverit. 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 



mus 

amaverimus. 

(2;? 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

—  * 

tis 

amaveritis. 

^ 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

v-eri 

— 

nt 

amaverint. 

f  Mod.  and  > 
1     Temp.     1 

V 

S.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     m 

amavissem. 

1-5 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     s 

amavisses. 

"SI 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     t 

amavisset. 

P.l. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     mus 

amavissemus. 

PS" 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     tis 

amavissetis. 

s^ 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

sse     nt 

amavissent. 

aj 

S.  2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 







ama. 

.fe 

2. 

am. 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

to 

amato. 

1 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

to 

amato. 

P.  2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 



— 

te 

amate. 

tt 

2. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

tote 

amatote. 

3. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

— 

— 

nto 

amanto. 

Mood  and  Tense. 

Case  Affix. 

Pres.  Inf. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

r 

— 

e  t  (Dat. ) 

amare. 

Perf.  Inf. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

V 

i 

((SSM.  Af.)( 

1     e  (Dat.)    ) 

amavisse. 

Former  Supine. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

tQ 

— 

m  (Ace.) 

amatum.. 

Latter  Supine. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

tu 

— 

u(Abl  ) 

amatu. 

Pres.  Part. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

n(t) 

— 

S  (Nom.) 

amans. 

Gerund. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

nd 

— 

i^Gen.) 

amandi. 

Fut.  Part.  (Pas.) 

am 

(aa) 

a 

ndu 

— 

S(Nom.) 

amandus. 

Perf.  Part.  (Pas.) 

am 

(aa) 

a 

tu 

— 

S  (Nom.) 

amatus. 

Fut.  Part. 

am 

(aa) 

a 

turu 

— 

S(Nom.) 

amaturus. 

Fut.  Inf.  t 

*  Brackets  are  here  used  to  enclose  that  element  of  the  modal  affix  which  does  not 
appear  in  the  synthetic  form, 
t  Vid.  101. 
t  The  future  infinitive  combines  the  future  participle  Mith  esse. 


ANALYSIS    OP    THE    VERB. 


43 


TABLE    III. 

Conjugation  of  Moneo. 
Active  Voice.    Present  System. 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and 

Pers. 

Root. 

CONJ.  AF. 

Mod.  and 

Con. 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early.  JLate 

Temp.  Af. 

Vow. 

S.  1. 

mon 

(ea)* 

eo 

_ 

_ 

_ 

moneo. 

aj 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 



S 

mones. 

o-^ 

S.- 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

t 

monet. 

^1 

P.I. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

mus 

monemus. 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

tis 

monetis. 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

nt 

monent. 

S.  1. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

ba 

m 

monebam. 

^  6 

2 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

ba 

— 

s 

monebas. 

i-B 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

ba 

— 

t 

monebat. 

l|. 

P.l. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

ba 



mus 

monebamus. 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

ba 

_ 

tis 

monebatis. 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

' 

ba 

— 

nt 

monebant. 

S.  1. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bo 

monebo. 

aj 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bi 

— 

s 

monebis. 

£•5 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bi 



t 

monebit. 

3  '^ 

P.l. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bi 

— 

mus 

monebimus. 

^1 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bi 



tis      # 

monebitis. 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

bu 

— 

nt 

monebunt. 

SI. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

_ 

m 

moneam. 

^^ 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

— 

s 

moneas. 

1i 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

— 

t 

moneat. 

^  a 

P.l. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

— 

mus 

moneamus. 

SJ  3 

pis' 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

— 

tis 

moneatis. 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

ea 

a 

— 

nt 

moneant. 

S.l. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

_ 

m 

monerem. 

-»  > 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

— 

s 

moneres. 

11 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

— 

t 

moneret. 

11 

P.l. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

— 

mus 

moneremus. 

If 

2 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

_ 

tis 

moneretis. 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

re 

nt 

monerent. 

S.2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

mone. 

« 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

to 

moneto. 

.& 

3. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 





to 

moneto. 

i 

P.  2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

_ 

te 

monete. 

& 

2. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

tote 

monetote. 

s 

8. 

mon 

(ea) 

e 

— 

— 

nto 

monento. 

*  In  this  conjugation  the  conjugational  affix  is  carried  back  no  farther  than  to  ea,  the 
form  resulting  from  aja  by  the  coayersion  of  j  into  i,  and  its  combination  with  initial  a 
to  form  e. 


44 


ANALYSIS    OP   THE    VERB. 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and  Tense. 

Root. 

CONJ.  AF. 

Mod.  and 
Temp.  Af. 

Con. 

Vow. 

Case  Affix. 

Early.   Late. 

Pres.  Inf. 
Pres.  Part, 
(ierund. 
Fut.  Part.  (Pas.) 

mon 
mon 
mon 
mon 

(ea) 
(ea) 
(ea) 
(ea) 

e 
e 
e 
e 

n(t) 
nd 
ndu 

— 

e(Dat.) 
S  (Nom.) 
i(Gen.) 
S(Nom.) 

monere. 
monens. 
monendi. 
monendus. 

TABLE   IV. 

Conjugation  of  Audio. 
Active  Voice.    Present  System. 


analytic. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and 

Pers. 

Root. 

CONJ 

At. 

Mod.  and 

Tense. 

Early. 

Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

S.  1. 

aud 

(ia)* 

io 

audio. 

„    OJ 

2. 

and 

(ia) 

i 

— 

s 

audis. 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

i 

— 

t 

audit. 

m  c4 

P.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

1 

— 

mus 

audimus. 

/^'  "S 

2. 

aud 
alld 

(ia) 

i 



tis 

auditis. 

3. 

(ia) 

lU 

— 

nt 

audiunt. 

S.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ba 

m 

audiebam. 

"Sg 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ba 

s 

audiebas. 

'cl 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

le 

ba 

t 

audiebat. 

1" 

P.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ba 

mus 

audiebamus. 

si 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ba 

tis 

audiebatis. 

•n^ 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ba 

nt 

audiebant. 

S.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

m 

audiam. 

„,  ^ 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

i(a) 

s 

audies. 

2.E: 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

la 

i(a) 

t 

audiet. 

P.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

i(a) 

mus 

audiemus. 

Cx  -o 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

i(a) 

tis 

audietis. 

5 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

i(a) 

nt 

audient. 

S.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

m 

audiam. 

-^ 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

s 

audias. 

II 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

t 

audiat. 

P.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

mus 

audiamus. 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

tis 

audiatis. 

1 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

ia 

a 

nt 

audiant. 

*  In  this  conjugation  the  conjugational  affix  is  carried  back  to  la,  the  form  resulting 
from  aja  by  the  conversion  of  the  initial  vowel  into  i,  and  its  union  with  j  (also  con- 
verted to  i),  to  form  i  long. 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    VERB. 


45 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and 

CONJ.  Af. 

Mod.  and 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early,  j   Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

S.  1. 

aud 

(ia) 

i 

re 

m 

audirem. 

-s^ 

2. 

aud 

(la) 

1 

re 

s 

audires. 

^1 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

1 

re 

t 

audiret. 

P.l. 

aud 

(ia) 

1 

re 

mus 

audiremus. 

It 

2. 

aud 

(la) 

1 

re 

tis 

audiretis. 

3. 

aud 

(la) 

1 

re 

nt 

audirent. 

S.2. 

aud 

(ia) 

i 



_ 

audi. 

g 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

1 

— 

to 

audito. 

•-5 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

i 

— 

to 

audito. 

^ 

P.  2. 

aud 

da) 

i 

— 

te 

audite. 

c, 

2. 

aud 

(ia) 

i 

_ 

tote 

auditote. 

a 

3. 

aud 

(ia) 

iu 

— 

nto 

audiunto. 

Mood  an 

i  Tense. 

Case  Affix. 

Pres.  Inf 

aud 

(ia) 

i 

r 

e  (Dat.) 

audire. 

Pres.  Par 

t. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

n(t) 

S  (Nom.) 

audiens. 

Gerund. 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

nd 

i  (Gen.) 

audiendi. 

Fut.  Pari 

.  (Pas.) 

aud 

(ia) 

ie 

ndu 

S  (;Nom.) 

audiendus. 

TABLE   V. 

COXJUGATIOX   OF    Rego. 
Active  Voice,    Present  System. 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC, 

Mood  and 

Pers. 

Root. 

CONJ 

Af. 

Mod.  and 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early, 

Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

S.  1. 

reg 

(a) 

o 





rego. 

->^  S 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

1 

— 

S 

regis. 

c-r 

.,?• 

reg 

(a) 

1 

— 

t 

regit. 

is 

P.l. 

reg 

(a) 

i 

— 

mus 

regimus. 

£■■2 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

i 

— 

tis 

regitis. 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

u 

— 

nt 

regunt. 

S.l. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

m 

regebam. 

o  £ 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

s 

regebas. 

1-^ 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

t 

regebat. 

11 

P.l. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

mus 

regebamus. 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

tis 

regebatis. 

H-l 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ba 

nt 

regebant. 

S.l. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

m 

regam. 

<o 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

i(a) 

s 

reges. 

t-S 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

i(a) 

t 

reget. 

53 

P.l. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

i(a) 

mus 

regemus. 

^■■s 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

i(a) 

tis 

regetis. 

"5 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

i(a) 

nt 

regent. 

46 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


ANALYTIC. 


SYNTHETIC. 


Mood  and 

Pers 

Koot. 

CONJ 

Af. 

Mod.  and 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early. 

Late. 

Temp.  Af. 

t 

S.  1. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

m 

regam. 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

s 

regas. 

is 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

t 

regat. 

aj  3 

P.l. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

mus 

regamus. 

3 
02 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

tis 

regatis. 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

a 

a 

nt 

regant. 

9J 

S.  1. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

m 

regerem. 

M-^ 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

s 

regeres. 

gS 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

t 

regeret. 

I-?. 

P.l. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

mus 

regeremus. 

OQ 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

tis 

regeretis. 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

re 

nt 

regerent. 

«3 

S.2. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

_ 

rege. 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

i 

— 

to 

regito. 

rt 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

1 

— 

to 

regito. 

a 

P.  2. 

reg 

(a) 

1 

— 

te 

regite. 

a 

2. 

reg 

(a) 

1 

— 

tote 

regitote. 

3. 

reg 

(a) 

u 

— 

nto 

regunto. 

Mood  an 

i  Tense. 

Case  Affix. 

Pres.  Inf 

reg 

(a) 

e 

r 

e(Dat.) 

regere. 

Pres.  Par 

t. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

n(t) 

S  (Nom.) 

regens. 

Gerund. 

reg 

(a) 

e 

nd 

i(Gen.) 

regendi. 

Fut.  Pari 

.  (Pas.) 

reg 

(a) 

e 

ndu 

s{Nom.) 

regendus. 

TABLE   VI. 

Conjugation  of  Capio. 
Active  Voice.    Present  System. 


analytic. 

synthetic. 

Mood  and 

Pers. 

Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Mod.  and 
Temp.  Af. 

Pers.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Karly. 

Late. 

'1 

S.  1. 

2. 

3. 
P.l. 

2. 

3. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(la)* 

(ia) 

(ia) 

(ia) 

(ia) 

(ia) 

io 
iu 

- 

S 

t 

mus 

tis 

nt 

capio. 

capis. 

capit. 

capimus. 

capitis. 

capiunt. 

*  In  this  table  we  oarrj'  the  conjugational  affix  as  far  as  to  ia,  the  form  derived  from 
ja,  by  the  conversion  of  j  into  its  vowel. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


47 


ANALYTIC. 

SYNTHETIC. 

Mood  and 

Peis. 

Root. 

CONJ.  Af. 

Mod.  and 
Temp.  Af. 

Pars.  Affix. 

Tense. 

Early. 

Late. 

1^ 
11 

S.L 

2. 

3. 
P.l. 

2. 

3. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

le 
ie 
ie 
ie 
ie 
ie 

ba 
ba 
ba 
ba 
ba 
ba 

m 

s 

t 

mus 

tis 

nt 

capiebam. 

capiebas. 

capiebat. 

capiebamus. 

capiebatis. 

capiebant. 

4 

S.  1. 

2. 

3. 
P.l. 

2. 

3. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 

a 

i(a) 
i(a) 
i(a) 
i(a) 
i(a) 

m 
s 

t 

mus 
tis 
nt 

capiam. 

capies. 

capiet. 

capiemus. 

capietis. 

capient. 

II 

SI. 

2. 

3. 
P.l. 

2. 

3. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(la) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 
ia 

a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 

m. 

s 

t 

mus 

tis 

nt 

capiam. 

capias. 

capiat. 

capiamus. 

capiatis. 

capiant. 

11 

CQ 

S.  1. 

2. 

3. 
P.l. 

2 
3. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

e 
e 
e 
e 
e 

re 
re 
re 
re 
re 
re 

m 
s 

t 

muc3 
tis 
nt 

caperem, 

caperes. 

caperet. 

caperemus. 

caperetis. 

caperent. 

1 

S.2. 

2. 

3. 
P.  2. 

2. 

8. 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

e 

iu 

- 

to 

to 

te 

tote 

nto 

cape. 

capito. 

capito. 

capite. 

capitote. 

capiunto. 

Mood  and  Tense. 

Pres.  Inf. 
Pres   Part. 
Gerund. 
F«t.  Part.  (Pas.) 

cap 
cap 
cap 
cap 

(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 
(ia) 

e 
ie 
ie 
ie 

r 

n(t) 
nd 
ndu 

Case  Affix. 

e  (Dat.) 
S  (Nom.) 
i  (Gen.) 
S  (Nom.) 

capere. 
capiens. 
capiendi. 
capiendus. 

48  ANALYSIS    OF   THE   VERB. 


ANOMALOUS    FORMATIONS. 

The  following  list  comprises  verbs  which,  in  some  or  all  of  their 
parts,  are  inexplicable  by  the  more  general  rules  of  conjugation. 

Accumbo  ==  ad  +  cubo.  The  nasal  prefixed  (by  37)  to  the 
labial  characteristic  takes  the  form  of  m  (by  41,  6) . 

Apiscor.  Root  ap  (conf.  ap-tum) ,  which  is  strengthened  in 
the  present  system  by  the  addition  of  sc  with  i  connective.  This 
same  root  probably  appears  also  in  coepi  (for  co-api)  ;  possibly 
also  in  capio  (for  c'-apio,  i.e.,  con-apio)  ;  which  see. 

Bibo,  formed  from  the  root  bo,  by  redupHcation.  The  identity 
of  bo  with  po  (conf.  po-tum,  a  draugJit)  rests  upon  the  inter- 
change of  the  surd  and  sonant  labial. 

Csedo.  The  perfect  ce-cidi  contains  in  its  reduplicate  syllable 
the  second  element  of  the  diphthong  ae.  The  long  vowel  of  its 
radical  syllable  represents  the  weight  of  the  diphthongal  root. 

Capio.  Root  cap :  by  reduplication,  oa-cap ;  by  syncopation  and 
attenuation,  ca-ip;  by  union  of  vowels,  cep.  If,  however  (vid. 
apiscor) ,  capio  is  for  conapio,  the  base  cep  is  obtained  without 
syncopation ;  thus,  c'-ap,   c'-a-ap,   c'-a-ip,   c'-ep. 

Cedo,  sai/.  This  defective  verb  (occurring  only  in  the  imper- 
ative) employs  no  conjugational  affix,  and  hence  the  concurrent 
consonants  of  root  and  affix  require  to  be  accommodated,  as  fol- 
lows :  ced  -f-  to  =  (by  41,  a)  ced  +  do  =  ce-do  by  syncopation. 
With  reference  to  the  question  whether  the  syncopated  letter  Avas 
radical  or  terminational,  conf.  the  closing  remark  of  129.  The 
plural  accommodates  the  sonant  to  the  surd,  instead  of  the  con- 
verse, and  makes  ced  +  te  =  cet-te. 

Censeo.  The  supine  when  formed  without  a  connective  be- 
comes successively  cens-tum,  cens-sum,  cen-sum. 

Cerno.  Root  ere  (conf.  cre-vi,  cre-tum).  Cre  becomes  by 
metathesis  cer ;  and  by  37,  cern. 

Coepi  =r  CO  -|-  epi  =  con  -f-  epi  (vid.  apiscor).  For  the 
method  of  obtaining  epi  from  ap,  vid.  capio.  For  similarity  of 
formation,  conf.  co-epi,  from  con-ap,  with  co-egi,  from  con-ag. 

Comminiscor  =  cum  -f  miniscor ;  minisc  the  base  =  min  -|- 
i  -|-  sc.     For  the  root  min,  vid.  memini. 

Conniveo  =  cum  -|-  obsolete  niveo.  Niv  -}-  si  =  nic  -f-  si  = 
nixi  (vid.  26,  and  conf.  nic-to,  to  ivink). 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  49 

Curro.  Curr  4- sum  =  cur-sum,  by  the  law  that  before  an 
affix  beginning  with  a  consonant  a  doubled  letter  becomes  single. 

Disco.  Root  die :  conf.  perfect  di-dic-i.  The  present  disco 
therefore  stands  for  dic-sc-o.  Conf.  for  identity  of  root,  doc-eo; 
and  for  identity  of  root  and  similarity  of  formation,  the  Greek 
di-dasco,  for  di-dac-sc-o. 

Do.  Root  da.  This  is  commonly  classed  as  a  verb  of  the  first 
conjugation.  It  is  such,  however,  only  in  appearance,  the  a  being 
not  a  conjugational  afiix  corrupted  from  aja,  but  simply  an  element 
of  the  root,  to  which,  without  an  intervening  affix  of  conjugation, 
the  other  endings  are  directly  appended ;  e.g.,  da-mus,  da-ba-m, 
da-re.  This  serves  to  explain  the  nonconformity  of  do  with 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  in  respect  to  the  quantity  of  its  first 
increment.  The  Sanskrit  has  two  roots,  da  and  dha,  similar  in 
form  yet  distinct  in  origin.  Of  these  the  former  signifies  to  give, 
and  is  represented  by  the  Greek  do.  The  latter  signifies  to  place, 
and  appears  in  the  Greek  the.  Both  of  these  roots  are  repre- 
sented in  Latin  by  a  single  form  da,  which  however,  in  the  sense 
of  to  place,  occurs  only  in  composition.  In  the  following  com- 
pounds this  element  is  employed  in  the  sense  of  to  give :  de-do, 
inter-do,  red-do,  tra-do  (for  trans-do)  ;  probably  also  di-do 
and  pro-do.  With  the  sense  of  to  place,  it  occurs  in  the  com- 
pounds, ad-do,  ab-do,  circum-do,  con-do,  in-do,  ob-do, 
per-do,  sub-do,  super-do ;  probably  e-do.  To  these  are  to  be 
added,  also,  vendo  or  venundo  (  =  venum  +  do),  pessundo 
(  =  pessum-f-do),  and  credo  (  =  Sanskrit  root  Brat,  faith, -\- 
do).  In  the  first  person  singular,  present  indicative  active,  the 
radical  a  becomes  o  by  the  same  change  that  the  conjugational 
afiix  a  becomes  o  in  the  same  part  of  verbs  like  reg-o  (for  reg-a). 
For  the  irregular  forms  of  subjunctive  made  by  this  verb  and  its 
compounds,  vid.  84  and  86. 

Edo,  to  eat  (vid.  60).  Those  parts  of  the  verb  which  employ 
no  connective  attach  the  ending  to  the  root  in  accordance  with  the 
rule,  that  before  t  or  s  the  radical  d  is  changed  to  s.  Exception. 
In  the  second  singular  indicative  and  imperative  d  is  dropped. 
Observe  that  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive  and  present  infinitive, 
the  s  of  the  affix  has  been  retained,  under  the  protection  of  the 
preceding  consonant  (conf.  87). 

Eo.  Root  i :  this  root  is  not  preserved  in  all  the  forms  of  the 
verb,  but  is  extended  (1)  to  eo,  in  the  fii'st  singular,  present  indic- 

4 


50 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 


ative ;  (2)  to  ea  in  the  present  subjunctive ;  (3)  to  eu  before 
n  followed  by  d  or  t.  While  it  is  impossible  to  explain  these 
various  modifications  other  than  by  general  reference  to  the 
influence  of  the  consonants,  with  which,  by  inflection,  the  original 
i  became  associated,  it  is  of  interest  to  notice  in  this  connection 
that  precisely  the  same  methods  of  extension  have  also  been  em- 
ployed by  the  pronominal  root  i,  of  the  pronoun  i-s,  i-d,  «fee. 
Thus, 


TAbl.  Sixg. 

1.  {  Gex.  Pluk. 

[Ace.  Plur. 


eo. 

eo-rum. 

eo-s. 


3.  {Ace.  Sixg.  eu-m. 


''NoM.  Sing.  ea. 

Ace.  Sing.  ea-m. 

Abl.  Sixg.  ea. 

N.  &  Ace.  Plur.  ea. 

Gen.  Plur.  ea-rum. 


In  the  present  subjunctive,  the  modal  affix  a  combines  with  the 
final  vowel  of  ea  to  form  a  long;  e.g.,  ea-mus,  ea-tis.  I-ns, 
the  unmodified  form  of  the  participle,  would  become,  by  16, 
e-ns.  The  requirements  of  euphony  have,  however,  been  satisfied, 
and  the  radical  i  retained,  by  the  insertion  of  an  e  inorganic, 
i-e-ns. 

Facio.  This  verb  will  be  best  considered  in  connection  with 
fio.  The  Sanskrit  root  bhu,  to  be,  becomes,  by  the  addition  of 
the  passive  affix  ja,  bhu-ja,  or,  syncopating  u,  and  representing 
bh  by  the  Latin  equivalent  f,  f-ja.  In  the  same  mannner  as  from 
the  original  cap-ja,  we  have  seen  (at  57)  developed  the  forms 
cap-io,  cap-i-s,  cap-i-t,  &c.  ;  so,  from  f-ja  is  derived  the  Latin 
f-io,  f-i-s,  fi-t. 

This  same  root  bhu  appears  also  in  the  strengthened  form  bhav. 
Now,  the  affix  aja  is,  in  general,  employed  in  Sanskrit  with  a 
causal  signification:  e.g.,  bodh-a-ti  =  7ze  Jcnoivs  (vid.  50);  but 
bodh-aja-ti  =  /<e  informs,  i.e.,  Jie  causes  to  know.  As  then  bhu, 
or  bhav,  means  to  be,  bhav-aja  means  to  cavse  to  be,  i.e.,  to  make. 
It  has  been  already  seen  that  in  some  cases  v  is  hardened  to  a 
palatal;  e.g.,  fluc-si  for  fluv-si,  from  flu-o.  Substituting  in  the 
Sanskrit  bhav-aja  f  for  bh,  as  above,  and  c  for  v,  there  would 
result  the  form  fac-aja,  whose  development  in  the  first  plural,  for 
example,  into  fac-i-mus,  differs  from  the  development  of  sop-aja 
into  sop-i-mus  (vid.  54)  only  in  the  quantity  of  its  vowel.  Ad- 
mitting the  correctness  of  this  explanation,  facio  must  then  be 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  51 

considered  as  radically  identical  with  fio,  and  standing  to  it  in  the 
relation  of  causal  to  j^rimitive.  The  perfect  feci  contains  a  con- 
cealed reduplication  (vid.  46)  ;  fa-fac,  fa-fic,  fa-ic,  fee. 

Fero.  This  verb  originally  formed  its  parts  without  the  use  of 
a  conjugational  affix.  Traces  of  this  method  of  conjugation  are 
still  retained,  —  (1)  in  the  second  and  third  person  singular  of  the 
present  indicative  ;  fer-s,  fer-t :  ferr-is  (by  assimilation  for  fers- 
is),  fert-ur ;  (2)  in  the  second  plural,  indicative  active,  fertis  ; 
(3)  throughout  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  fer-rem,  &c.  ;  and  (4)  in 
the  present  infinitive,  fer-re.  In  the  subjunctive  and  imperative, 
we  might  have  expected  that  under  the  protection  of  the  preceding 
consonant,  the  s  of  the  original  affix  would  be  retained.  Its  con- 
version to  r  results,  in  this  instance,  from  assimilation.  Compare, 
in  this  respect,  vel-leni  for  vel-sem.  In  the  parts  not  specified 
above,  the  verb  is  inflected  after  the  analogy  of  the  third  conjuga- 
tion;  i.e.,  in  the  use  of  the  affix  a.  The  root  fer  occurs  only  in 
the  present  system.  For  the  bases  tul  and  la  of  the  perfect 
and  supine,  see  tollo. 

Ferveo.  In  the  perfect  ferb-ui  (for  ferv-ui),  the  radical  v 
is  represented  by  its  associate  cognate  sonant. 

Figo.  In  the  supine,  contrary  to  rule,  the  t  of  turn  is  con- 
verted to  s  after  the  palatal.  Hence,  fig-tum,  fic-tum,  fic-suni^ 
fixum. 

Findo.    Root  fid.     In  explanation  of  the  perfect  fidi,  vid,  47. 

Fio.     Vid.  facio. 

Fluo.  A  secondary  form  of  the  root  flu,  occurring  in  the  second 
and  third  systems,  is  fluv  (vid.  10).  Thus,  fluxi  for  fluc-si,  and 
this  for  fluv-si  (by  26).  Supine,  fluv -|- turn  =  flue -|- turn  = 
flue  -\-  sum  ^=  fluxum. 

Frango.  Root  frag.  Full  form  of  the  perfect  made  by  redupli- 
cation, fra-fragi,  which  became  successively  fra-frigi,  fra-igi, 
fregi. 

Frendeo.     Root  probably  fred. 

Fruor,  root  fru  or  (by  10)  fruv;  from  the  latter,  fruetus  for 
fruvtus.  This  verb  is  also  explained  by  supposing  the  present  to 
have  syncopated  a  radical  palatal,  —  fruor  for  frugor. 

Gaudeo.  Gaud  -j-  tus  =  gaud  -J-  sus  =  gau  -[-  sus.  In  the 
union  of  the  affix  with  the  base,  the  verb  assumes  long  i  after 
the  analogy  of  the  fourth  conjugation,  necessarily  accompanying 
this  insertion  with  thd  conversion  of  u  into  v  ;  hence,  gav-i-sus. 


52  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

Gigno.    Vid.  49. 

Gnosco.  Hoot  gno  (later,  no).  When  in  composition  with  ad 
or  con,  the  root  attenuates  its  o  to  i  in  the  forms  of  the  third 
system;  e.g.,  ag-ni-tum  (for  ag-gni-tum). 

Haereo.  This  verb  is  exceptional  to  35,  in  that  it  converts  the 
t  of  the  supine  into  s,  and  syncopates  the  characteristic. 

Haurio.     For  hausum,  vid.  haesum  from  haereo. 

Inquam,  i.e.,  in-|-  quam:  early  root  (retained  only  in  the  first 
singular  of  the  present  indicative),  qua;  later  form,  qui.  Though 
a  pure  verb,  it  employs  a  conjugational  affix,  — viz.,  a,  —  limiting 
its  use,  however,  to  precisely  those  forms  in  which  the  a  of  ia 
(ja)  is  retained  in  verbs  like  capio,  and  subjecting  it  to  the  same 
euphonic  changes.  Though  coinciding  thus  in  appearance  with 
verbs  in  io,  of  conjugation  third,  the  resemblance  is  purely  acci- 
dental; for  while  in  them  the  i  is  derived  from  the  j  of  ja,  in  the 
verb  we  are  considering  it  is  an  element  of  the  root. 

Jacio.    Rootjac.    Perfect,  ja-jaci,  ja-jici,  ja-ici,  jeoi. 

Jubeo.  In  this  verb  the  t  of  the  supine  is  converted  into  s, 
and  both  in  the  perfect  and  supine  the  radical  labial  assimilated. 
Hence  jus-si  and  jus-sum,  for  the  regular  jup-si  and  jup-tum 
(vid.  25  and  31). 

Jungo.  Root  jug.  Although  appearing  in  all  the  forms  of  the 
verb,  the  nasal  is  not  to  be  considered  as  radical.  Conf.  jug-um, 
con-jug-is. 

Labor.     Participle  lap-sus,  for  the  regular  lap-tus. 

La-tum.     Yid.  tollo. 

Lavo.  Of  the  three  forms  of  supine  lav-a-tum,  lau-tum, 
lo-tum,  the  first  is  regular.  The  second  converts  v  into  u  (lau- 
tum  for  lav-tum) ,  the  third  combines  au  of  the  second  into  o, 
by  8. 

Linquo.     Root  liqu.     Conf.  liqu-i,  lic-tum  (in  re-lictum) . 

Malo.     Vid.  volo. 

Memini.  Root  man,  to  tliink.  This  is  a  perfect  formed  by 
reduplication  accompanied  with  the  usual  attenuation.  Compare, 
in  the  latter  respect,  ce-cidi  from  root  cad.  The  same  root  with 
the  attenuation  of  its  vowel  appears  in  com-min-iscor,  and  re- 
min-iscor,  also  in  mon-eo  (Sanski'it  man-aja;  vid.  53),  in 
which  eo  is  the  corruption  of  the  causal  affix  aja.  Mon-eo  there- 
fore signifies  to  cause  to  tliinlc,  i.e.,  to  advise. 

Metior.  Root  ma   (conf.   mo-dus) ;   later  form,  met.      The 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  53 

participle  men-sus  is  for  ment-sus,  the  n  being  a  euphonic  inser- 
tion, and  the  t  disappearing  according  to  rule.  As  regards  the 
euphonic  nasal,  compare  the  Latin  mensis  formed  from  the  same 
root  ma. 

Misceo.  Root  mig.  Mig  +  sc  =  (by  syncopation)  misc,  the 
base  of  the  present  and  perfect.  The  full  form  of  the  supine, 
including  root,  inchoative  sign,  and  modal  affix,  would  be  mig- 
sc-tum.  This  is  corrupted  to  the  form  mix-turn,  by  the  syncopa- 
tion of  the  second  palatal,  c ;  and  to  mis-tum,  by  the  sacrifice  of 
both  c  and  g. 

Morior.  The  perfect  participle  passive  is  regularly  formed  in 
the  use  of  tu.  Forms  in  tuu  (for  tvu)  seem  also  to  have 
occurred.  Conf.  fa-tuu-s  from  root  fa.  To  this  class  is  to  be 
referred  the  perfect  participle  mor-tuu-s,  root  m.or. 

Nanciscor.  Root  nac.  The  root  inserts  in  the  first  system 
(and  optionally  in  the  third)  a  euphonic  n,  and  adds  the  affix  sc. 

Nitor.  Of  the  two  forms  of  participle  nisus  and  nixus,  the 
first  is  regular.  In  explanation  of  the  second,  which  contains  a 
palatal,  I  conjecture  a  connection  with  nicto,  to  strive. 

Nolo.    Vid.  Volo. 

Pango.  Root  pag.  The  perfect  pegi  is  for  paigi  and  that  for 
pa-pigi. 

Pello.  Root  pal;  hence  pe-pul-i,  pul-sum.  This  seems 
originally  to  have  been  conjugated  as  a  verb  in  io  of  the  third 
conjugation,  and  to  have  assimilated  the  i;  pello  for  pel-io. 

Percello  =  per  -f-  obsolete  cello.  The  perfect  per-ciili  is 
for  per-ce-ciil-i ;  and  the  present  cel-lo  for  cel-io.  Conf. 
pello. 

Pingo.  n  is  probably  euphonic.  Conf.  pio-tum  and  the  sub- 
stantive pig-mentum. 

Piiiso.  n  euphonic.  Conf.  pis-tum,  and  the  substantives 
pis-tor  and  pis-trinum. 

Pono  for  pos-n-o,  n  euj^honic. 

Posco.  Root  prao ;  whence  by  attenuation,  preo ;  by  attenua- 
tion and  aphgeresis,  roc  or  rog;  by  attenuation  and  metathesis, 
pore.  These  three  forms  of  the  root,  prec,  rog,  pore,  appear 
respectively  in  prec-or,  rog-o,  po-sc-o,  for  porc-sc-o.  For 
the  syncopation  of  re  before  the  inchoative  sc,  conf.  di-sc-o  for 
dic-sc-o. 

Poto.     Root  pot,  lengthened  from  po   (vid.  bibo).      Of  the 


54  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB. 

two  supines,  pot-a-tum  and  po-tum,  the  first  is  formed  from 
the  longer,  the  second  from  the  shorter  root. 

Premo.  Perfect  pres-si  for  prem-si.  Supine  pres-sum  for 
prem-sum, 

Quaero  (by  36)  for  quGBSo,  which  also  occurs. 

Rumpo.     Root  rup.     Yid.  41. 

Scindo.  Root  scid.  The  perfect  scidi  probably  results  from 
an  old  reduplicated  form  by  the  apha?resis  of  the  repeated  syl- 
lable. 

Sero,  to  sow ;  perfect  se-vi,  supine  sa-tum.  The  authorities 
give  no  clew  to  a  valid  method  of  reconciling  the  thi-ee  forms,  ser, 
se,  sa,  under  which  the  root  of  the  verb  appears.  I  suggest  the 
foUoAving.  There  is  no  part  of  a  verb  from  which  the  original 
root  may  be  with  more  confidence  deduced,  than  the  supine. 
Here  we  find  not  sar-tum,  but  sa-tum.  It  is  more  natural,  then, 
to  consider  sar  a  lengthening  of  sa,  than  sa  an  abbreviation  of 
sar.  This  view  is  confirmed  by  the  se  of  the  perfect  se-vi,  and 
still  more  by  the  noun  of  agency,  sa-tor,  which,  uniformly  with 
the  method  by  which  in  general  this  formation  is  obtained,  we 
should  expect  to  be  comjDounded  of  the  root  in  its  earliest  form 
and  the  affix  tor.  How  then  is  ser  to  be  derived  from  sa.  It 
must  be  either  by  the  addition  of  r,  or  by  the  addition  of  some 
other  consonant  subsequently  converted  to  r.  To  afiirm  the  ori- 
ginal assumption  of  r,  is  to  suppose  a  case  quite  exceptional  to 
the  general  method  of  Latin  formation.  Had  either  of  the  Un- 
guals t,  d,  n,  1,  been  affixed,  there  could  have  been  nothing  in  the 
position  between  two  vowels  to  occasion  its  conversion  into  r. 
Still  less  ground  is  there  for  supposing  an  original  labial  or 
palatal.  Only  s  remains,  a  letter  which  not  only  finds  a  possible 
representative  in  r,  but  one  which,  if  standing  between  two  vowels, 
as  in  the  case  under  discussion,  we  should  have  expected  to  be  thus 
converted,  conformably  to  the  almost  universal  requirements  of 
the  language.  But  what  is  the  explanation  of  an  original  addi- 
tion of  s?  We  answer,  reduplication.  It  is  true  that  as  the 
reduplication  of  gen  gives  gi-gen  (later  gi-gn) ,  and  that  of  bo 
gives  bi-b  (vid.  bibo),  we  might  have  expected  in  place  of  se-s, 
si-s,  and  thus  in  place  of  se-r-o,  si-r-o ;  but  the  use  of  e  instead 
of  i,  in  the  present  instance,  is  only  in  accord  with  the  principle 
already  stated  (at  16),  and  abundantly  illustrated,  that  the  general 
tendency  of  r  is  to  convert  the  preceding  i  into  e. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    VERB.  55 

Sisto.  Root  sta.  For  the  formation  of  the  present,  vid,  42 
and  49.     For  the  perfect,  vid.  sto. 

Sperno.     Root  spre,  by  metathesis  sper;  n  euphonic. 

Spondeo.     Vid.  44. 

Sterno.     Conf.  sperno. 

Sto.  Root  sta.  The  perfect  of  both  sto  and  sisto  is  formed 
by  the  redupHcation  of  sta  according  to  44. 

Struo.     Root  stru  or  struv.     Conf.  fluo. 

Sum.    Vid.  "  Table  I." 

Tango.     Root  tag.     n  euphonic. 

Temno.  Root  tern.  In  the  simple  verb  p  is  never  inserted 
before  s  and  t  (conf.  27  and  33)  ;  but  optionally  con-tem-si,  or 
con-tem-p-si ;  so  the  supine. 

Tendo.  The  supine  ten-tuni  is  exceptional  to  34  in  its 
retention  of  the  affix  t. 

Tero.     Root  tri ;  by  metathesis  tir ;  by  16  ter. 

ToUo.  Root  tal.  This  root  seems  to  have  been  conjugated 
originally  as  a  verb  in  io  of  conjugation  third.  Thus  tal-io,  or 
by  attenuation  tol-io ;  by  assimilation,  tol-lo.  The  perfect  tuli 
(appearing  in  sus-tiili)  results  from  the  original  te-tiili  (used  by 
Plautus),  by  the  aphajresis  of  the  reduplicate  syllable.  The  reg- 
ular form  of  supine  would  be  tal-tum,  or  by  metathesis  tla-tum. 
It  is  probable  that  la- turn  is  a  corruption  from  this  by  aphaeresis. 

Tuli.     Vid.  tollo. 

Tundo.    Root  tud. 

Volo.  The  old  root  val  appears  under  the  three  attenuated 
forms,  vul,  vol,  vel.  In  the  following  parts  the  verb  retains 
its  original  method  of  inflection  without  a  conjugational  affix : 
the  present  indicative  (u  in  vol-u-mus  is  simply  connective), 
except  the  first  person  singular,  the  present  and  imperfect  sub- 
junctive, and  present  infinitive.  The  present  subjunctive  is  an 
optative  ;  vel-i-m  for  vel-i-m,  and  this  for  vel-ja-m  or  vel-ie-m. 
The  imperfect  subjunctive  assimilates  the  s  of  the  affix ;  vel-lera 
for  vel-sem.  So  the  infinitive  vel-le  for  vel-se.  In  other  parts 
the  verb  employs  the  affix  of  conjugation  third.  Like  volo  is  con- 
jugated malo  (magis -j- volo)  and  nolo  (non.-|- volo). 


THE  END. 


V  .  c 


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